Roller Compacted Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Paving Bases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Dosage and Mixing Process
2.3. Specimen Preparation
2.4. Experimental Tests
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layer | fc (MPa) | fr (MPa) | Age (days) | Thickness (cm) | Cement Content (kg/m³) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sub-base | ≥5.0 | - | 7 | - | 80–120 | National Transport Infrastructure Department (DNIT). [22] |
Base and Surface | fc,est ≥ fc | - | 28 | - | ≥200 | National Transport Infrastructure Department (DNIT). [23] |
Base | ≥15 | ≥1.5 | 28 | 10–20 | - | São Paulo City Hall [24] |
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | K2O | Specific Gravity | Blaine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
55.40% | 20.10% | 4.80% | 3.50% | 5.60% | 2.80% | 1.00% | 5.03 g/cm³ | 3.11 g/cm³ |
Properties | RS | PS | NG13 | NG19 | RCA | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSD density (g/cm³) | 2.63 | 2.64 | 2.93 | 2.72 | 2.19 | National Highways Department (DNER) [29] National Highways Department (DNER) [30] |
Water absorption (%) | - | - | 0.27 | 0.20 | 7.63 | National Highways Department (DNER) [30] |
Los Angeles abrasion test (%) | - | - | 14.15 | 12.83 | 32.00 | National Highways Department (DNER) [28] |
Mixture | Cement (kg) | PS (kg) | RS (kg) | NG13 (kg) | NG19 (kg) | RCA (kg) | Water (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCC-0 | 200.00 | 306.00 | 612.00 | 816.00 | 306.00 | 0.00 | 210.78 |
RCC-5 | 200.00 | 302.00 | 606.00 | 758.00 | 252.00 | 101.00 | 212.14 |
RCC-15 | 200.00 | 296.00 | 594.00 | 644.00 | 148.00 | 296.00 | 211.48 |
RCC-30 | 200.00 | 288.00 | 576.00 | 480.00 | 0.00 | 576.00 | 209.67 |
Property of Mixtures | RCC-0 | RCC-5 | RCC-15 | RCC-30 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum dry density (g/cm³) | 2.309 | 2.290 | 2.204 | 2.203 |
OMC (%) | 9.41 | 9.56 | 9.71 | 9.89 |
Correlation | Equation | No. of Points | Df | RSE | R² | Adj. R² |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDD and OMC | MDD = −0.2507 × OMC + 4.6687 | 4 | 2 | 0.0268 | 0.8471 | 0.7707 |
Mixture | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Splitting Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 days | 28 days | 7 days | 28 days | 7 days | 28 days | 28 days | |
RCC-0 | 14.64 (0.15) | 16.72 (1.28) | 2.02 (0.17) | 1.92 (0.14) | 2.85 (0.02) | 3.82 (0.04) | 22.13 (0.74) |
RCC-5 | 15.63 (0.81) | 18.65 (0.31) | 1.68 (0.08) | 2.03 (0.15) | 3.17 (0.04) | 3.35 (0.06) | 21.82 (0.65) |
RCC-15 | 13.55 (0.44) | 17.97 (0.43) | 1.86 (0.15) | 1.96 (0.16) | 3.35 (0.02) | 3.78 (0.02) | 21.16 (0.77) |
RCC-30 | 13.01 (0.34) | 15.71 (0.41) | 1.65 (0.22) | 2.12 (0.11) | 2.92 (0.06) | 2.99 (0.06) | 19.26 (0.37) |
Property | Treatment | Df | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F Value | p-Value | Significant Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modulus of elasticity | RCA | 3 | 14.892 | 4.964 | 4.104 | 0.0489 | 0.05 |
Residuals | 8 | 9.676 | 1.209 | ||||
Total | 11 | 24.568 | |||||
Compressive strength (7 days) | RCA | 3 | 12.242 | 4.081 | 5.545 | 0.0235 | 0.05 |
Residuals | 8 | 5.888 | 0.736 | ||||
Total | 11 | 18.13 | |||||
Compressive strength (28 days) | RCA | 3 | 15.44 | 5.146 | 3.301 | 0.0785 | Not significant |
Residuals | 8 | 12.47 | 1.559 | ||||
Total | 11 | 27.91 | |||||
Splitting tensile strength (7 days) | RCA | 3 | 0.2654 | 0.08845 | 1.109 | 0.401 | Not significant |
Residuals | 8 | 0.6379 | 0.07974 | ||||
Total | 11 | 0.9033 | |||||
Splitting tensile strength (28 days) | RCA | 3 | 0.0681 | 0.02269 | 0.391 | 0.763 | Not significant |
Residuals | 8 | 0.4640 | 0.0580 | ||||
Total | 11 | 0.5321 | |||||
Flexural strength (7 days) | RCA | 3 | 0.4808 | 0.16027 | 24.89 | 0.000 | 0.05 |
Residuals | 8 | 0.0368 | 0.00459 | ||||
Total | 11 | 0.5176 | |||||
Flexural strength (28 days) | RCA | 3 | 1.3727 | 0.4576 | 61.06 | 0.000 | 0.05 |
Residuals | 8 | 0.0599 | 0.0075 | ||||
Total | 11 | 1.4326 |
Mixture | Water Absorption (%) | Porosity (%) | Dry Density (g/cm³) |
---|---|---|---|
RCC-0 | 5.829 (0.865) | 13.532 (1.675) | 2.690 (0.014) |
RCC-5 | 5.209 (0.174) | 12.309 (0.430) | 2.695 (0.017) |
RCC-15 | 5.757 (0.305) | 13.268 (0.671) | 2.657 (0.014) |
RCC-30 | 6.660 (0.197) | 15.005 (0.419) | 2.651 (0.008) |
Correlation | Equation | N. of Points | Df | RSE | R² | Adj. R² |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fsp and fc | fsp = −0.2526 × fc + 2.4435 | 4 | 2 | 0.0995 | 0.1418 | −0.2873 |
fr and fc | fr = 0.1185 × fc + 1.4387 | 4 | 2 | 0.4418 | 0.1559 | −0.2662 |
E and fc | E = 0.6509 × fc + 9.8564 | 4 | 2 | 1.1820 | 0.4375 | 0.1562 |
fr and fsp | fr = −4.4225 × fsp + 12.3632 | 4 | 2 | 0.0748 | 0.9758 | 0.9637 |
E and fsp | E = −12.3 × fsp + 45.781 | 4 | 2 | 0.8598 | 0.7024 | 0.5536 |
E and fr | E = 2.543 × fr + 12.229 | 4 | 2 | 0.9941 | 0.6022 | 0.4033 |
MDD and | MDD = 2.414 × − 4.201 | 4 | 2 | 0.0171 | 0.9380 | 0.9069 |
MDD and P | MDD = −0.0284 × P + 2.6354 | 4 | 2 | 0.0565 | 0.3200 | −0.0199 |
fc and P | fc = −1.166 × P + 32.368 | 4 | 2 | 0.4866 | 0.9077 | 0.8615 |
fc and | fc = 29.18 × − 60.73 | 4 | 2 | 1.386 | 0.2510 | −0.1235 |
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Fardin, H.E.; Santos, A.G.d. Roller Compacted Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Paving Bases. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083154
Fardin HE, Santos AGd. Roller Compacted Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Paving Bases. Sustainability. 2020; 12(8):3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083154
Chicago/Turabian StyleFardin, Hedelvan Emerson, and Adriana Goulart dos Santos. 2020. "Roller Compacted Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Paving Bases" Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083154