The Effect of Heat and Cold Waves on the Mortality of Persons with Dementia in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Exposures # | Deaths | Mortality Rate * | LCI | UCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immediate temperature effects | Normal | 639,788.64 | 27,845 | 43.52 | 43.01 | 44.04 |
Cold | 368,254.12 | 17,853 | 48.48 | 47.77 | 49.20 | |
Heat | 76,068.30 | 3342 | 43.93 | 42.47 | 45.45 | |
Delayed temperature effects | Normal | 641,531.76 | 27,913 | 43.51 | 43.00 | 44.02 |
Cold | 366,687.05 | 17,943 | 48.93 | 48.22 | 49.65 | |
Heat | 75,892.26 | 3184 | 41.95 | 40.52 | 43.44 | |
Dementia | Without dementia | 976,448.74 | 28,356 | 29.04 | 28.70 | 29.38 |
With dementia | 107,662.32 | 20,684 | 192.12 | 189.52 | 194.76 | |
Residency | Private household | 1,038,202.70 | 36,150 | 34.82 | 34.46 | 35.18 |
Nursing home | 45,908.40 | 12,890 | 280.78 | 275.97 | 285.67 | |
Care level | No care level | 941,155.50 | 16,761 | 17.81 | 17.54 | 18.08 |
Care level 1 | 73,505.43 | 8546 | 116.26 | 113.82 | 118.75 | |
Care level 2 | 51,667.52 | 15,051 | 291.30 | 286.69 | 296.00 | |
Care level 3 | 17,782.61 | 8682 | 488.23 | 478.07 | 498.61 | |
Total | 1,084,111.10 | 49,040 | 45.24 | 44.84 | 45.64 |
Variable | Category | Hazard Ratio | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dementia | Without dementia | 1 | ||
With dementia | 1.37 | <0.001 | ||
Temperature: main effects | ||||
PwoD | Immediate temperature | Normal | 1 | |
Cold | 1.05 | 0.011 | ||
Heat | 0.98 | 0.521 | ||
Delayed temperature | Normal | 1 | ||
Cold | 1.08 | <0.001 | ||
Heat | 0.95 | 0.052 | ||
Temperature: Interaction effects | ||||
PwD | Immediate temperature effects, Dementia | Normal, Without dementia | 1 | |
Cold, With dementia | 0.98 | 0.497 | ||
Heat, With dementia | 1.11 | 0.011 | ||
Delayed temperature effects, Dementia | Normal, Without dementia | 1 | ||
Cold, With dementia | 1.05 | 0.115 | ||
Heat, With dementia | 0.98 | 0.595 | ||
Age | 1.06 | <0.001 | ||
Age × Age | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
Sex | Male | 1 | ||
Female | 0.56 | <0.001 | ||
Residency | Private household | 1 | ||
Nursing home | 1.10 | <0.001 | ||
Care level | No care level | 1 | ||
Care level 1 | 3.25 | <0.001 | ||
Care level 2 | 7.31 | <0.001 | ||
Care level 3 | 12.72 | <0.001 | ||
Comorbidities | 0 | 1 | ||
1 | 1.16 | <0.001 | ||
2 | 1.47 | <0.001 | ||
3 | 1.91 | <0.001 | ||
4 | 2.46 | <0.001 | ||
5 | 3.02 | <0.001 | ||
6 | 3.34 | <0.001 | ||
≥7 | 6.75 | <0.001 | ||
Urban living | No | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.03 | 0.002 | ||
Climate zone, winter | 1 (−10 °C) | 1 | ||
2 (−12 °C) | 0.94 | <0.001 | ||
3 (−14 °C) | 0.89 | <0.001 | ||
4 (−16 °C) | 0.84 | <0.001 | ||
Climate zone, summer | 1 (≤16.5 °C) | 1 | ||
2 (16.5–18 °C) | 1.00 | 0.926 | ||
3 (≥18 °C) | 0.99 | 0.543 |
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Fritze, T. The Effect of Heat and Cold Waves on the Mortality of Persons with Dementia in Germany. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093664
Fritze T. The Effect of Heat and Cold Waves on the Mortality of Persons with Dementia in Germany. Sustainability. 2020; 12(9):3664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093664
Chicago/Turabian StyleFritze, Thomas. 2020. "The Effect of Heat and Cold Waves on the Mortality of Persons with Dementia in Germany" Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093664
APA StyleFritze, T. (2020). The Effect of Heat and Cold Waves on the Mortality of Persons with Dementia in Germany. Sustainability, 12(9), 3664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093664