Trends in Flowering Phenology of Herbaceous Plants and Its Response to Precipitation and Snow Cover on the Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau from 1983 to 2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Phenological and Meteorological Data
2.3. Temporal Trend Analysis of FFD and Precipitation Time Series
2.4. FFD Response to Precipitation and Snow Cover Change
3. Results
3.1. Trends of Temporal Changes in FFD and Precipitation
3.2. Response of FFD to Variation in CPP
3.3. Relationship between Precipitation and Temperature
3.4. Impact of Snow Cover Changes on FFD
4. Discussion
4.1. Positive Regression between Flowering Phenology and Precipitation for Early-Flowering Time Series
4.2. Impact of Precipitation on Flowering Phenology on the QTP
4.3. Impact of Snow Cover on Flowering Phenology on the QTP
4.4. Possible Causes of Divergent Flowering Phenology
4.5. Uncertainties and Implications of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station No. | Station | Province | Latitude (°) | Longitude (°) | Altitude (m) | Observed Species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Datong b | Qinghai | 36.95 | 101.68 | 2450.00 | Iris lactea Pall., Taraxacum mongolicum |
2 | Menyuan a | Qinghai | 37.38 | 101.62 | 2850.00 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Iris lactea Pall. |
3 | Huzhu b | Qinghai | 36.82 | 101.95 | 2480.00 | Agropyron cristatum, Plantago asiatica |
4 | Huangyuan b | Qinghai | 36.68 | 101.23 | 2634.00 | Phragmites australis, Plantago asiatica, Iris lactea Pall. |
5 | Huangzhong b | Qinghai | 36.52 | 101.57 | 2668.00 | Iris lactea Pall., Taraxacum mongolicum |
6 | Haibei a | Qinghai | 36.97 | 100.90 | 3115.00 | Stipa krylovii, Koeleria macrantha, Poa crymophila, Kobresia humilis, Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Iris lactea Pall., Artemisia scoparia |
7 | Shiqu a | Sichuan | 32.98 | 98.10 | 4200.00 | Elymus nutans, Taraxacum mongolicum |
8 | Hainanzhou a | Qinghai | 36.27 | 100.62 | 2835.00 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum |
9 | Guide a | Qinghai | 36.03 | 101.43 | 2237.10 | Agropyron cristatum |
10 | Guinan a | Qinghai | 35.58 | 100.75 | 3120.00 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Iris lactea Pall. |
11 | Tongde b | Qinghai | 35.27 | 100.65 | 3289.00 | Elymus nutans, Poa crymophila, Kobresia humilis |
12 | Henan a | Qinghai | 34.73 | 101.60 | 3500.00 | Elymus nutans, Puccinellia tenuiflora, Kobresia pygmaea, Scirpus distigmaticus, Plantago asiatica |
13 | Maqu a | Gansu | 34.00 | 102.05 | 3471.4 | Elymus nutans, Poa annua, Taraxacum mongolicum |
14 | Nomhon a | Qinghai | 36.43 | 96.42 | 2790.40 | Phragmites australis |
15 | Qumarleb a | Qinghai | 34.13 | 95.78 | 4175.00 | Festuca ovina, Poa alpina, Kobresia pygmaea, Carex montana, Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum |
16 | Xinghai a | Qinghai | 35.58 | 99.98 | 3323.20 | Agropyron cristatum, Leymus secalinus, Stipa krylovii, Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Iris lactea Pall. |
17 | Tiebujia b | Qinghai | 37.08 | 99.58 | 3269.00 | Poa crymophila, Artemisia scoparia |
18 | Delingha a | Qinghai | 37.37 | 97.37 | 2981.50 | Agropyron cristatum, Medicago sativa |
19 | Gade a | Qinghai | 33.97 | 99.90 | 4050.00 | Koeleria macrantha, Elymus nutans, Festuca ovina, Kobresia humilis, Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Gentiana algida |
20 | Garz a | Sichuan | 31.62 | 100.00 | 3393.50 | Taraxacum mongolicum |
21 | Golmud a | Qinghai | 36.42 | 94.90 | 2807.60 | Phragmites australis |
22 | Daocheng a | Sichuan | 29.05 | 100.30 | 3727.70 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum |
23 | Lhasa a | Tibet | 29.67 | 91.13 | 3648.70 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum |
24 | Nyingchi a | Tibet | 29.67 | 94.33 | 2991.80 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum |
25 | Shigatse a | Tibet | 29.30 | 88.88 | 3836.15 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum |
26 | Zoige a | Sichuan | 33.58 | 102.97 | 3439.60 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum |
27 | Lhoka a | Tibet | 29.25 | 91.77 | 3551.70 | Plantago asiatica, Taraxacum mongolicum |
Groups | Pre-Season Period Length | Site | Precipitation | Site × Precipitation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d.f. | F | d.f. | F | d.f. | F | ||
Early-flowering | 10 | 16 | 21.414 *** | 367 | 1.228 * | 254 | 1.332 ** |
20 | 11.204 *** | 478 | 1.348 ** | 181 | 1.522 ** | ||
30 | 12.528 *** | 511 | 1.845 *** | 158 | 1.868 *** | ||
40 | 10.601 *** | 552 | 1.634 *** | 134 | 4.564 *** | ||
50 | 9.489 *** | 549 | 1.851 *** | 126 | 4.290 *** | ||
60 | 10.513 *** | 557 | 1.974 *** | 119 | 4.473 *** | ||
70 | 9.621 *** | 566 | 1.632 ** | 105 | 2.780 *** | ||
80 | 7.725 *** | 576 | 1.661 ** | 104 | 7.540 *** | ||
90 | 6.846 *** | 577 | 1.705 ** | 98 | 4.131 *** | ||
Mid-to-late-flowering | 10 | 9 | 2.510 * | 320 | 1.145 | 90 | 1.306 |
20 | 1.959 | 381 | 1.055 | 51 | 1.345 | ||
30 | 2.495 * | 389 | 1.314 | 47 | 2.963 *** | ||
40 | 2.564 * | 400 | 0.906 | 35 | 7.227 *** | ||
50 | 3.870 ** | 407 | 1.012 | 31 | 7.068 *** | ||
60 | 1.149 | 392 | 0.757 | 41 | 7.947 *** | ||
70 | 2.319 | 420 | 0.895 | 20 | 11.791 *** | ||
80 | 0.938 | 412 | 0.689 | 13 | 4.561 *** | ||
90 | 1.481 | 400 | 1.156 | 26 | 3.716 *** |
Functional Group | Site | SCD | Site × SCD | |||
d.f. | F | d.f. | F | d.f. | F | |
Early-flowering | 11 | 26.776 *** | 55 | 1.905 | 47 | 0.419 |
Mid-to-late-flowering | 9 | 7.688 *** | 57 | 2.603 ** | 41 | 0.715 |
Functional Group | Site | SCDM | Site × SCDM | |||
d.f. | F | d.f. | F | d.f. | F | |
Early-flowering | 11 | 13.794 *** | 91 | 2.054 | 34 | 0.384 |
Mid-to-late-flowering | 9 | 6.074 *** | 92 | 3.302 | 26 | 0.536 |
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Jiang, Y.; Li, B.; Yuan, Y.; Sun, Q.; Zhang, T.; Liu, Y.; Li, Y.; Li, R.; Li, F. Trends in Flowering Phenology of Herbaceous Plants and Its Response to Precipitation and Snow Cover on the Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau from 1983 to 2017. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147640
Jiang Y, Li B, Yuan Y, Sun Q, Zhang T, Liu Y, Li Y, Li R, Li F. Trends in Flowering Phenology of Herbaceous Plants and Its Response to Precipitation and Snow Cover on the Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau from 1983 to 2017. Sustainability. 2021; 13(14):7640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147640
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Yuhao, Baolin Li, Yecheng Yuan, Qingling Sun, Tao Zhang, Yan Liu, Ying Li, Rui Li, and Fei Li. 2021. "Trends in Flowering Phenology of Herbaceous Plants and Its Response to Precipitation and Snow Cover on the Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau from 1983 to 2017" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147640
APA StyleJiang, Y., Li, B., Yuan, Y., Sun, Q., Zhang, T., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Li, R., & Li, F. (2021). Trends in Flowering Phenology of Herbaceous Plants and Its Response to Precipitation and Snow Cover on the Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau from 1983 to 2017. Sustainability, 13(14), 7640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147640