Quantitative Analysis of Polymetallic Ions in Industrial Wastewater Based on Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theory
2.1. Spectral Pretreatment
2.2. Partial Least Squares Regression
3. Experimental
3.1. Reagents and Apparatus
3.2. Procedures
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Spectral Characteristics
4.2. Univariate Calibration
4.3. Spectral Pretreatment Method
4.4. Application of the Partial Least Squares Regression Method
4.5. Performance Analysis of WT–PLSR Method
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Detecting Ion | Number of Variables | Number of Principal Components | RMSEC | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | 109 | 5 | 0.2326 | 0.9978 |
Co | 127 | 3 | 0.0376 | 0.9981 |
Ni | 74 | 4 | 0.0572 | 0.9963 |
Element | Modeling Method | Pretreatment Method | Calibration Set | Prediction Set | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSEC | R2 | RMSEP | R2 | |||
Zn | PLSR | SG | 1.0945 | 0.9946 | 1.2582 | 0.9926 |
FT | 0.8931 | 0.9952 | 1.1266 | 0.9937 | ||
WT | 0.2326 | 0.9978 | 1.1053 | 0.9942 | ||
Ni | PLSR | SG | 0.0651 | 0.9949 | 0.0785 | 0.9939 |
FT | 0.0618 | 0.9952 | 0.0741 | 0.9947 | ||
WT | 0.0572 | 0.9963 | 0.0703 | 0.9951 | ||
Co | PLSR | SG | 0.0517 | 0.9952 | 0.0637 | 0.9935 |
FT | 0.0392 | 0.9958 | 0.0598 | 0.9941 | ||
WT | 0.0376 | 0.9981 | 0.0575 | 0.9953 |
No. | Actual Value (mg /L) | Predicted Value (mg/L) | Relative Deviation (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | Ni | Co | Zn | Ni | Co | Zn | Ni | Co | |
1 | 10 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 9.618 | 3.096 | 0.928 | 3.82 | 3.20 | 3.11 |
2 | 20 | 6.0 | 1.8 | 20.623 | 5.788 | 1.772 | 3.12 | 3.53 | 1.55 |
3 | 30 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 29.156 | 2.348 | 2.736 | 2.81 | 2.16 | 1.33 |
4 | 40 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 41.247 | 5.260 | 0.294 | 3.11 | 2.59 | 2.00 |
5 | 50 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 49.212 | 1.755 | 1.247 | 1.58 | 2.50 | 3.91 |
6 | 60 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 58.332 | 4.973 | 2.065 | 2.78 | 3.61 | 1.67 |
7 | 70 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 72.484 | 1.162 | 2.951 | 3.55 | 3.16 | 1.63 |
8 | 80 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 82.655 | 4.054 | 0.616 | 3.31 | 3.47 | 2.66 |
9 | 90 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 91.761 | 0.613 | 1.534 | 1.95 | 2.16 | 2.27 |
10 | 100 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 97.482 | 3.748 | 2.454 | 2.52 | 4.11 | 2.25 |
Average relative deviation (%) | 2.85 | 3.05 | 2.24 | ||||||
RMSEP | 0.856 | 0.067 | 0.032 |
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Zhou, F.; Oad, A.; Zhu, H.; Li, C. Quantitative Analysis of Polymetallic Ions in Industrial Wastewater Based on Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7907. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147907
Zhou F, Oad A, Zhu H, Li C. Quantitative Analysis of Polymetallic Ions in Industrial Wastewater Based on Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. Sustainability. 2021; 13(14):7907. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147907
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Fengbo, Ammar Oad, Hongqiu Zhu, and Changgeng Li. 2021. "Quantitative Analysis of Polymetallic Ions in Industrial Wastewater Based on Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7907. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147907