Estimation of Urban Land-Use Efficiency for Sustainable Development by Integrating over 30-Year Landsat Imagery with Population Data: A Case Study of Ha Long, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Urban Land-Use Efficiency and SDG Indicator 11.3.1
1.2. Remote Sensing Approaches in Land-Use
1.3. Objectives of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Methodology
2.2.1. Census Data
2.2.2. Landsat Imagery
2.2.3. Land-Use Classification from Landsat Imagery Using Machine Learning
2.3. Methods for Estimating SDG Indicator for Land-Use Efficiency
- Ln—Natural logarithm;
- Popt—Total population of the area in the past/initial year;
- Popt+n—Total population of the area in the current/final year;
- y—Number of years between the two measurement periods.
- Ln—Natural logarithm;
- Urbt—Total urban built-in area in square km in the past/initial year;
- Urbt+n—Total urban area in square km in the current/final year;
- y—Number of years between the two measurement periods.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Verification of Land-Use Classification (or Build-Up Land Area Only) Using Kappa Statistics
3.2. Land Expansion and Population Growth in Ha Long
3.3. LCR, PGR and LCRPGR Values
4. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor | Band | Acquisition Date |
---|---|---|
Landsat 5 | B1–B7 | 30 October 1986 |
Landsat 5 | B1–B7 | 26 November 1990 |
Landsat 5 | B1–B7 | 24 November 1995 |
Landsat 5 | B1–B7 | 21 November 2000 |
Landsat 5 | B1–B7 | 2 October 2005 |
Landsat 5 | B1–B7 | 3 December 2010 |
Landsat 8 | B1–B11 | 15 January 2015 |
Landsat 8 | B1–B11 | 12 November 2020 |
Urban Expansion Type | LCRPGR Data Range | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Rapid urban land growth | (1–5) | Urban land consumption exceeds population growth |
Rapid urban population growth | (0–1) | Urban population growth exceeds land consumption |
Urban shrinking | (−5–0) | Urban population declining or urban land shrinking |
Ha Long | Samples | Overall Accuracy (%) | Omission Error (%) | Commission Error (%) | Kappa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1986 | 115 | 92.25 | 8.50 | 11.60 | 0.91 |
1990 | 120 | 83.41 | 9.21 | 20.20 | 0.80 |
1995 | 101 | 84.21 | 13.16 | 19.52 | 0.82 |
2000 | 125 | 88.24 | 16.64 | 20.24 | 0.86 |
2005 | 123 | 86.03 | 17.09 | 22.61 | 0.84 |
2010 | 124 | 86.40 | 17.60 | 21.04 | 0.84 |
2015 | 124 | 98.91 | 1.91 | 3.03 | 0.99 |
2020 | 144 | 95.17 | 9.16 | 4.36 | 0.94 |
Index | Time Periods | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1986–1990 | 1990–1995 | 1995–2000 | 2000–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2010–2015 | 2015–2020 | |
LCR | 0.0805 | 0.0002 | 0.0225 | 0.0629 | 0.0534 | 0.0801 | 0.1335 |
PGR | 0.0230 | 0.0068 | 0.0739 | 0.0028 | 0.0285 | 0.0038 | 0.0383 |
LCRPGR | 3.50 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 22.50 | 1.87 | 21.32 | 3.48 |
1986–2000 | 2000–2020 | ||||||
LCR | 0.0311 | 0.0825 | |||||
PGR | 0.0354 | 0.0183 | |||||
LCRPGR | 0.88 | 4.50 |
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Jalilov, S.-M.; Chen, Y.; Quang, N.H.; Nguyen, M.N.; Leighton, B.; Paget, M.; Lazarow, N. Estimation of Urban Land-Use Efficiency for Sustainable Development by Integrating over 30-Year Landsat Imagery with Population Data: A Case Study of Ha Long, Vietnam. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168848
Jalilov S-M, Chen Y, Quang NH, Nguyen MN, Leighton B, Paget M, Lazarow N. Estimation of Urban Land-Use Efficiency for Sustainable Development by Integrating over 30-Year Landsat Imagery with Population Data: A Case Study of Ha Long, Vietnam. Sustainability. 2021; 13(16):8848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168848
Chicago/Turabian StyleJalilov, Shokhrukh-Mirzo, Yun Chen, Nguyen Hong Quang, Minh Nguyen Nguyen, Ben Leighton, Matt Paget, and Neil Lazarow. 2021. "Estimation of Urban Land-Use Efficiency for Sustainable Development by Integrating over 30-Year Landsat Imagery with Population Data: A Case Study of Ha Long, Vietnam" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168848