DfMA: Towards an Integrated Strategy for a More Productive and Sustainable Construction Industry in Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- DfMA is a systematic process that incorporates design, manufacture, and assembly using DfMA principles and adds value to the overall process.
- DfMA is an evaluation system that can assess the efficiency and productivity of manufacturing and assembly combined with the use of virtual design and construction.
- DfMA is a game-changing methodology that is closely associated with ever-changing prefabrication and modular construction methods.
1.1. DfMA and Lean Construction
“Using automated processes to manufacture construction components in a controlled offsite environment, DfMA allows us to calculate materials requirements with absolute precision. This way, the industry’s most sustainable construction solution allows us to eliminate waste from the outset and return would-be waste back into the production process. By taking work off site reducing onsite activities the construction process becomes inherently safer”.
1.2. DfMA and Prefabrication
1.3. DfMA and DfX
1.4. Benefits and Challenges of Adopting DfMA
1.5. Knowledge Gap
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Adopting DfMA in the Australian Construction Industry
“We should look at a material perspective. Among three major construction materials, steel, concrete, particularly precast concrete, and timber, not all of them have been combined with DfMA, but engineered timber, such as cross-laminated timber, is being applied extensively. Australia has the capacity to make DfMA-based high-rise modular buildings using timber but not precast concrete”.
3.2. Barriers
“to employ DfMA, two types of workers are required, one is labour, and the other type are workers with design ability. The core workers in Australia are the former who are onsite. They are protected by unions that will not allow workers to be unemployed. The union is very large, so it is difficult to change for a while”.
“People commonly think modular buildings mean square boxes, death of good architecture, or temporary places to stay. In addition, people are conservative and oppose to new things. Then, people think that they don’t need to change on site to offsite because they still make loads of money onsite”.
“A whole new realm of risk is opened up when the new methodology is adopted. Risks are rolled downhill from clients to contractors then to subcontractors in a traditional procurement process when contractors don’t know how to price projects when they do these new things”.
3.3. The Future of DfMA
“It takes quite a long time for the construction industry to adopt that way to combine high technology in this industry. It’s like a bright future but still takes time and costs a lot to get that point”.(Expert B)
“In order to harness the power of DfMA, a lot of upfront work should be considered and done at the design stage. Digital technology facilitates this stage. At manufacturing and assembly, digital technology provides transformation. And future construction is a digital transformation, it doesn’t just only transform some current technology, but also transforms the traditional construction mode to more on DfMA, more modular”.(Expert D)
- The lighter unified structure of HBS enables Hickory to build on sites that would not otherwise withstand the weight of a more conventional building approach.
- There is potential to add several levels to high-rise projects given their fixed height limits without compromising internal ceiling clearance due to HBS floor-to-floor height advantages.
- Bathroom pods are fully enclosed and installed complete with all services, fittings, lighting, and finished wall surfaces, thus limiting onsite trades and raising finished quality.
- The external integrated façade is pre-attached in the factory and aligns precisely with neighboring structural units when installed onsite.
- HBS allows considerable freedom in scale and does not pose significant restrictions on building layouts or apartment size and configuration.
- Post-tensioned beams can be integrated into the concrete floor of each prefabricated unit as ‘wet joints’ and connected to in situ post-tensioned beams onsite.
- Recesses for prefinished bathroom pods are incorporated into the lightweight precast floor slabs to ensure smooth transitions at the floor level.
- Flexible structural unit size is scalable from small to large aspect ratios within the parameters of road transportation.
4. Discussion
- Community mindset.
- Government regulations and incentives.
- Planning and building codes.
- Unionization and business politics.
- Finance.
- Supply chain management.
4.1. Community Mindset
4.2. Government Regulations and Incentives
4.3. Planning and Building Codes
4.4. Unionization and Business Politics
4.5. Finance
4.6. Supply Chain Management
4.7. Reflection
4.8. A Roadmap for Australian Digital Construction
4.9. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AUD | Australian Dollars |
BCA | Building and Construction Authority |
BIM | Building Information Modelling |
BUHREC | Bond University Human Research Ethics Committee |
CBD | Central Business District |
COVID-19 | A disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus |
CRC | Collaborative Research Center |
CTBUH | Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |
DfA | Design for Assembly |
DfM | Design for Manufacture |
DfMA | Design for Manufacture and Assembly |
DfX | Design for Excellence |
GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
HBS | Hickory Building System |
IoT | Internet of Things |
IPD | Integrated Project Delivery |
LEAN | Lean Construction |
MiC | Modular Integrated Construction |
MMC | Modern Methods of Construction |
OSM | Offsite Manufacture |
PPVC | Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction |
QR | QR (Quick Response) Code |
RFID | Radio Frequency Identification |
RIBA | Royal Institute of British Architects |
RICS | Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors |
UK | United Kingdom |
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Project Name | Contractor/Location | Offsite Content | Key Features of DfMA | Benefits of DfMA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Salford and Wigan Building Schools | Laing O’Rourke (UK) | 70% |
| Considerable reduction of time in the production of component drawings |
Water Treatment Plant | Laing O’Rourke (Australia) | 300 ‘module transportable packages’ |
|
|
Davyhulme Wastewater Treatment Plant | Mott Macdonald (UK) | 5000 precast elements |
|
|
Leadenhall Building | Laing O’Rourke (UK) | 85% |
|
|
Battersea Power Station Site Redevelopment Phase 1 | Carillion and Skanska (UK) | Manufactured 540 utility cupboards |
|
|
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Langston, C.; Zhang, W. DfMA: Towards an Integrated Strategy for a More Productive and Sustainable Construction Industry in Australia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9219. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169219
Langston C, Zhang W. DfMA: Towards an Integrated Strategy for a More Productive and Sustainable Construction Industry in Australia. Sustainability. 2021; 13(16):9219. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169219
Chicago/Turabian StyleLangston, Craig, and Weiwei Zhang. 2021. "DfMA: Towards an Integrated Strategy for a More Productive and Sustainable Construction Industry in Australia" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9219. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169219