Towards an Adaptation of Efficient Passive Design for Thermal Comfort Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
4. Case Study Analysis
4.1. Location and Building Geometric
4.2. The Egyptian Climate Overview
5. DesignBuilder Analysis
5.1. DesignBuilder Validation
5.2. Modeling and Simulation
5.3. CFD Calculations
5.4. Simulation Results
6. Results and Discussion
7. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Aram, M.; Abessi, O. Optimal design of green buildings using computational fluid dynamics and climate simulation tools. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 17, 917–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ASHRAE. Available online: www.ashrae.org (accessed on 1 July 2021).
- Höppe, P. The physiological equivalent temperature—A universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int. J. Biometeorol. 1999, 43, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matzarakis, A.; Mayer, H.; Iziomon, M. Applications of a universal thermal index: Physiological equivalent temperature. Int. J. Biometeorol. 1999, 43, 76–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Parsons, K. Environmental ergonomics: A review of principles, methods and models. Appl. Ergon. 2000, 31, 581–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Georgakis, C.; Zoras, S.; Santamouris, M. Studying the effect of “cool” coatings in street urban canyons and its potential as a heat island mitigation technique. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2014, 13, 20–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santamouris, M. Energy and Climate in the Urban Built Environment; Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group: Oxfordshire, UK, 2001; ISBN 9780367578824. [Google Scholar]
- Ridha, S. Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies in an Arid Climate. In Outdoor Thermal Comfort Reachable. Ph.D. Thesis, INSA de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, April 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Nakicenovic, N.; Swart, R. Emissions Scenarios—Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge: Cambridge, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Srisamranrungruang, T.; Hiyama, K. Balancing of natural ventilation, daylight, thermal effect for a building with double-skin perforated facade (DSPF). Energy Build. 2020, 210, 109765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gielen, D. Energy Technology Perspectives; International Energy Agency: Paris, France, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Efficiency, E. Definition of ZEB and Future Measures Proposed by the ZEB Roadmap Examination Committee; Technical Report; Conservation Division Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry: Tokyo, Japan, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Athalye, R.; Taylor, T.; Liu, B. Impact of ASHRAE standard 169-2013 on building energy codes and energy efficiency. Proc. SimBuild 2016, 6, 431–438. [Google Scholar]
- Etheridge, D. A perspective on fifty years of natural ventilation research. Build. Environ. 2015, 91, 51–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, K.T. Theoretical considerations on natural ventilation by thermal buoyancy. ASHRAE Trans. 1995, 101, 1103–1117. [Google Scholar]
- Etheridge, D.; Sandberg, M. Building Ventilation: Theory and Measurement; John Wiley and Son: Essex, UK, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Swami, M.V.; Chandra, S. Correlation for pressure distribution on buildings and calculation of natural ventilation airflow. ASHRAE Trans. 1987, 93, 243–265. [Google Scholar]
- Liddament, M.W. A Guide to Energy Efficient Ventilation; AIVC: Coventry, UK, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, F.; Lau, S.S.; Qian, F. Thermal comfort effects of urban design strategies in high-rise urban environments in a sub-tropical climate. Arch. Sci. Rev. 2011, 54, 285–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taleghani, M.; Kleerekoper, L.; Tenpierik, M.; Dobbelsteen, A.V.D. Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands. Build. Environ. 2015, 83, 65–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Srivanit, M.; Hokao, K. Evaluating the cooling effects of greening for improving the outdoor thermal environment at an institutional campus in the summer. Build. Environ. 2013, 66, 158–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ratti, C.; Raydan, D.; Steemers, K. Building form and environmental performance: Archetypes, analysis and an arid climate. Energy Build. 2003, 35, 49–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernard, J.; Bocher, E.; Petit, G.; Palominos, S. Sky view factor calculation in urban context: Computational performance and accuracy analysis of two open and free gis tools. Climate 2018, 6, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ying, X.; Li, W. Effect of floor shape optimization on energy consumption for u-shaped office buildings in the hot-summer and cold-winter area of China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carlo, R.; Nick, B.; Koen, S. Energy consumption and urban texture. Energy Build. 2005, 37, 762–776. [Google Scholar]
- Koen, S. Energy, and the city: Density, buildings, and transport. Energy Build. 2003, 35, 3–14. [Google Scholar]
- Li, H.; Wang, S.; Cheung, H. Sensitivity analysis of design parameters and optimal design for zero/low energy buildings in subtropical regions. Appl. Energy 2018, 228, 1280–1291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, C.; Wang, Z.; Chen, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Pei, J. Design optimization and field demonstration of natural ventilation for high-rise residential buildings. Energy Build. 2014, 82, 457–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, C.K.; Li, M.; Chan, V.; Lai, A.C.; Lai, C.K.A. Influence of mechanical ventilation system on indoor carbon dioxide and particulate matter concentration. Build. Environ. 2014, 76, 73–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, B.; Song, B. Study on ventilation rates at university dormitories in winter. Procedia Eng. 2015, 121, 743–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, W.; Wang, L.; Ji, Z.; Ma, L.; Hui, Y. Test on ventilation rates of dormitories and offices in university by the CO2 tracer gas method. Procedia Eng. 2015, 121, 662–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hu, K.; Chen, Q. Ventilation optimization for reduction of indoor semi-volatile organic compound concentration based on the variational principle. Build. Environ. 2015, 94, 676–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gratia, E.; Herde, A. Natural cooling strategies efficiency in an office building with a double-skin façade. Energy Build. 2004, 36, 1139–1152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schulze, T.; Eicker, U. Controlled natural ventilation for energy efficient buildings. Energy Build. 2013, 56, 221–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Q. Using computational tools to factor wind into architectural environment design. Energy Build. 2004, 36, 1197–1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seifert, J.; Li, Y.; Axley, J.; Rösler, M. Calculation of wind-driven cross ventilation in buildings with large openings. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 2006, 94, 925–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, C.; Ohba, M.; Yoshie, R. CFD modeling of unsteady cross-ventilation flows using LES. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 2008, 96, 1692–1706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weiming, W.; Hugues, R.; Radu, Z. Floor shape optimization for green building design. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2006, 20, 363–378. [Google Scholar]
- Stelios, C.Z.; Christos, A.T. The role of building form in energy consumption: The case of a prismatic building in Athens. Energy Build. 2012, 48, 97–102. [Google Scholar]
- Kovac, M.; Vojtuš, J. Analysis of air velocity, moisture and thermal regime in an air gap of a double-shell roof. Energy Procedia 2015, 78, 759–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kovac, M.; Kovacova, K. CFD Simulation of Air Temperature stratification in historical building of theatre. In Proceedings of the 19th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, SGEM 2019, Albena, Bulgaria, 30 June–6 July 2019; Volume 19, pp. 411–416. [Google Scholar]
- Short, C.A.; Li, B.; Shahrestani, M. Climate responsive solutions to heating and cooling of buildings. J. Build. Eng. 2018, 15, 289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morsy, A.A.E.; Emam, M.A.M. Towards a better performance in office buildings by integrating natural elements. J. Eng. Sci. Assiut Univ. J. Eng. Sci. 2019, 47, 389–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, L.L.C. A review of performance-oriented architectural design and optimization in the context of sustainability: Dividends and challenges. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1427. [Google Scholar]
- Yi, Y.K.; Malkawi, A.M. Optimizing building form for energy performance based on hierarchical geometry relation. Autom. Constr. 2009, 18, 825–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, J.-T.; Jeong, J.-W. Optimization of a free-form building shape to minimize external thermal load using genetic algorithm. Energy Build. 2014, 85, 473–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, C.; Lee, W.L. Evaluating the influence of openings configuration on natural ventilation performance of residential units in Hong Kong. Build. Environ. 2011, 46, 961–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, W.; Liu, X.; Yuan, X. A case study on optimization of building design based on CFD simulation technology of wind environment. Procedia Eng. 2015, 121, 225–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hatamipour, M.; Abedi, A. Passive cooling systems in buildings: Some useful experiences from ancient architecture for natural cooling in a hot and humid region. Energy Convers. Manag. 2008, 49, 2317–2323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jamaludin, A.A.; Hussein, H.; Ariffin, A.R.M.; Keumala, N. A study on different natural ventilation approaches at a residential college building with the internal courtyard arrangement. Energy Build. 2014, 72, 340–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elshafei, G.; Negm, A.; Bady, M.; Suzuki, M.; Ibrahim, M. Numerical and experimental investigations of the impacts of window parameters on indoor natural ventilation in a residential building. Energy Build. 2017, 141, 321–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nundy, S.; Mesloub, A.; Alsolami, B.M.; Ghosh, A. Electrically actuated visible and near-infrared regulating switchable smart window for energy positive building: A review. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 301, 126854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghosh, A.; Mesloub, A.; Touahmia, M.; Ajmi, M. Visual comfort analysis of semi-transparent perovskite-based building integrated photovoltaic window for hot desert climate (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Energies 2021, 14, 1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weather Data by Region. Available online: https://energyplus.net/weather-region/africa_wmo_region_1/EGY (accessed on 1 March 2021).
- Mahmoud, A. An analysis of bioclimatic zones and implications for design of outdoor built environments in Egypt. Build. Environ. 2011, 46, 605–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahmoud, H.; Ghanem, H. Urban geometry mitigation guidelines to improve outdoor thermal performance in Egyptian hot arid new cities. J. Eng. Sci. Assiut Univ. Fac. Eng. 2019, 47, 172–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Climate of Egypt. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt (accessed on 1 August 2021).
- Average Weather in Cairo. Available online: https://www.weatherbase.com/gr/koppen.png (accessed on 1 August 2021).
- Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, J. World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol. Z. 2006, 15, 259–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sayed, Y.H.A. An analysis of thermal comfort for indoor environment of the new assiut housing in Egypt. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2014, 7, 381–387. [Google Scholar]
- Regional Units of Egypt. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_units_of_Egypt (accessed on 1 June 2021).
- Elmohsen, M.A. Natural Ventilation Techniques as a Base for Environmental Passive Architecture with Special Reference to Residential Buildings in Greater Cairo. Ph.D. Thesis, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Robaa, S. Evaluation of sunshine duration from cloud data in Egypt. Energy 2008, 33, 785–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wodu, D.P.; Nwagbara, M.O.; Weli, V.E. Relationships between outdoor and indoor temperature characteristics in Yenagoa, Nigeria. J. Geogr. Reg. Plan. 2020, 13, 54–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali-toudert, F.; Mayer, H. Effects of asymmetry, galleries, overhanging facades and vegetation on thermal comfort in urban street canyons. Sol. Energy 2007, 81, 742–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hassaan, A.; Mahmoud, A. Analysis of the microclimatic and human comfort conditions in an urban park in hot and arid regions. Build. Environ. 2011, 46, 2641–2656. [Google Scholar]
- Good, J.; Frisque, A.; Phillips, D. The Role of Wind in Natural Ventilation Simulations Using Airflow Network Models, 3rd ed.; National Conference of IBPSA-USA: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- De Michele, G. Coupling energy and daylighting simulation for complex fenestration systems. In Proceedings of the 13th International Radiance Workshop, London, UK, 1–3 September 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Kheiri, F. A review on optimization methods applied in energy-efficient building geometry and envelope design. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 92, 897–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, T.; Huang, Q.; Zhang, A.; Zhang, Q. Simulation-based decision support tools in the early design stages of a green building—A review. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mundt, E.; Mathisen, H.M.; Nielsen, P.V.; Moser, A. Guidebook No. 02: Ventilation Effectiveness; Federation of European Heating and Air-Conditioning Associations (REHVA): Helsinki, Finland, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Meiss, A.; Feijó-Muñoz, J. Influencia de la ubicación de las aberturas en la eficiencia de la ventilación en viviendas. Inf. Constr. 2011, 63, 53–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taleghani, M.; Sailor, D.; Ban-Weiss, G.A. Micrometeorological simulations to predict the impacts of heat mitigation strategies on pedestrian thermal comfort in a Los Angeles neighborhood. Environ. Res. Lett. 2016, 11, 024003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ASHRAE Standard 55-2010. In Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy; American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2010.
- ASHRAE Standard 55-2004. In Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy; American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2004.
- Bady, M.; Kato, S.; Huang, H. Towards the application of indoor ventilation efficiency indices to evaluate the air quality of urban areas. Build. Environ. 2008, 43, 1991–2004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, Y.; Cook, M.J. Numerical studies of displacement natural ventilation in multi-story buildings connected an atrium. Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 2007, 28, 207–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Huang, C.; Cao, W. Mathematical modeling and experimental study on vertical temperature distribution of hybrid ventilation in an atrium building. Energy Build. 2009, 41, 907–914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chien, C.H.; Lin, H.T.; Chou, J.H.; Su, T.C. Buoyancy ventilation efficiency analysis of a conference hall. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2011, 71–78, 2442–2446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahmoud, H. Effect of urban form on outdoor thermal comfort of governmental residential buildings: New aswan as a case study, Egypt. J. Eng. Sci. Assiut Univ. Fac. Eng. 2019, 47, 309–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, V. Thermal efficiency of building clusters: An index for non-airconditioned buildings in hot climates. In Energy and Urban Built Form; School of Planning and Architecture: New Delhi, India, 1987; pp. 133–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DesignBuilder. Available online: http://www.designbuilder.co.uk (accessed on 10 January 2013).
- Cóstola, D.; Blocken, B.; Hensen, J. Overview of pressure coefficient data in building energy simulation and airflow network programs. Build. Environ. 2009, 44, 2027–2036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prajongsan, P.; Sharples, S. Enhancing natural ventilation, thermal comfort and energy savings in high-rise residential buildings in Bangkok through the use of ventilation shafts. Build. Environ. 2012, 50, 104–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heiselberg, P.; Svidt, K.; Nielsen, P.V. Characteristics of airflow from open windows. Build. Environ. 2001, 36, 859–869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, A. Discharge coefficient of center-pivot roof windows. Build Environ. 2015, 92, 635–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Djunaedy, E. External Coupling between Building Energy Simulation and Computational Fluid Dynamics. Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universiteit, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Zhai, Z.J.; Chen, Q.Y. Performance of coupled building energy and CFD simulations. Energy Build. 2005, 37, 333–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Chen, Q. Validation of a coupled multizone-CFD program for building airflow and contaminant transport simulations. HVAC&R Res. 2007, 13, 267–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DesignBuilder. Design Builder Simulation, and CFD Training Guide; DesignBuilder Software Ltd.: London, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Fumo, N.; Mago, P.; Luck, R. Methodology to estimate building energy consumption using energy plus benchmark models. Energy Build. 2010, 42, 2331–2337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Honjo, T. Thermal comfort in outdoor environment. In Global Environmental Research; AIRIES: Tokyo, Japan, 2009; Volume 13, pp. 43–47. [Google Scholar]
- Hatem, H.M.; Karram, M.A. Integrating layout geometry with architectural requirements to achieve energy-efficient office buildings in Egypt. In ASHRAE Topical Conference Proceedings; American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.: Chicago, IL, USA, 2020; pp. 610–617. [Google Scholar]
- Moustafa, W.S.; Abdelrahman, M.M.; Hegazy, I.R. Building performance assessment of user behavior as a post occupancy evaluation indicator: Case study on youth housing in Egypt. In Building Simulation; Tsinghua University Press: Beijing, China, 2018; Volume 11, pp. 389–403. [Google Scholar]
- Makvandi, M.; Zhou, X.; Li, C.; Deng, Q. A field investigation on adaptive thermal comfort in an urban environment considering individuals’ psychological and physiological behaviors in a cold-winter of Wuhan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reda, I.; Raouf, N.; AbdelMessih, M.S.; Ehab, M.M. Quantifying fenestration effect on thermal comfort in naturally ventilated classrooms. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
The Climatic Region | Governorates | Case Study | Case Study Architectural Features | Climatic Feature | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Longitudes | Latitudes | ||||
Cairo | Cairo, Giza, Qalyubia | Cairo | 31.233334″ E | 30.033333″ N | hot desert climate |
Alexandria | Alexandria, Matruh | Alexandria | 29.924526″ E | 31.205753″ N | hot desert climate |
Delta | Damietta, Monufia, Beheira, Gharbia, Kafr El Sheikh, Dakahlia | Beheira | 30°10′27″ E | 30°54′36″ N | desert climate |
Canal | Sharqia, PortSaid, Ismailia, Suez, North Sinai, South Sinai | Ismailia | 32°16′20″ E | 30°36′15″ N | desert climate |
North upper Egypt | El Minia, Faiyum, Beni Suef | El Minia | 30°45′1.08″ E | 28°6′35.57″ N | desert climate |
Assiut | Assiut, New Valley | Assiut | 31.189283"E | 27.180134″ N | desert climate |
Upper Egypt | Sohag, Qena, Luxor, Aswan, Red Sea | Aswan | 32°40″ E | 24°11″ N | hot–arid climate |
City | Max | Min | The Driest Month | Critical Months | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp. °C | Humid % | Air Vel. | Temp. °C | Humid % | Air Vel. | |||
Cairo | June 34.8 | May 43 | June 4.2 | January 7 | August 60 | August 3.4 | August is the driest month. | August, June |
Alexandria | August 30.8 | August 70 | July 4.2 | January 17.9 | April 65 | August 3.4 | August is the driest month. | August |
Ismailia | August 34 | August 61 | June 4.2 | January 9 | May 48 | August 3.4 | August is the driest month. | August |
El-Minia | July 36.6 | January 52 | August 4.2 | January 19.4 | May 25 | January 3.4 | January is the driest month. | August, July |
Aswan | July 45.2 | December 42 | March 5 | January 23.9 | June 18 | July 4 | July is the driest month. | August, July |
Assiut | June 37.2 | January 52 | June 4.2 | January 20.4 | May 25 | January 3.4 | January is the driest month. | August, June |
Beheira | August 33 | August 50 | March 7 | January 19 | June 13 | June 3.3 | January is the driest month. | August |
Turbulence Model | The Standard k-ε Model |
---|---|
Differential schemes | Convection term: Second-order upwind Diffusion term: Central difference scheme Concentration: First order upwind scheme |
Inflow conditions | , |
Sides and sky | Free slip |
Walls and ground | Generalized logarithmic law |
Start date | 14 August 2020 |
Period | One hour |
Initial air temp. at 12:00 p.m. | Differ according to the case—range from 16.88 up to 17.79 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Elshafei, G.; Vilcekova, S.; Zelenakova, M.; Negm, A.M. Towards an Adaptation of Efficient Passive Design for Thermal Comfort Buildings. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179570
Elshafei G, Vilcekova S, Zelenakova M, Negm AM. Towards an Adaptation of Efficient Passive Design for Thermal Comfort Buildings. Sustainability. 2021; 13(17):9570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179570
Chicago/Turabian StyleElshafei, Ghada, Silvia Vilcekova, Martina Zelenakova, and Abdelazim M. Negm. 2021. "Towards an Adaptation of Efficient Passive Design for Thermal Comfort Buildings" Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179570
APA StyleElshafei, G., Vilcekova, S., Zelenakova, M., & Negm, A. M. (2021). Towards an Adaptation of Efficient Passive Design for Thermal Comfort Buildings. Sustainability, 13(17), 9570. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179570