Alternative Use of the Insecticide Diofenolan on Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae): A Morphological and Ultrastructural Investigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. House Fly Strain
2.2. Fecundity Bioassays
2.3. Stereomicroscope Observations
2.4. Fecundity and Hatching Tests in Egg Deposition Cycles
2.5. Analysis of Ovarioles by Optical Microscopy
2.6. Mapping of Ovaries
2.7. Analyses on Ovarioles
2.8. Analyses of Corpora Allata
3. Results
3.1. Fecundity Bioassays
3.2. Stereomicroscope Observations
3.3. Ovariole Morphology at Different Exposure Times
3.3.1. T0 (Emerging from Puparium)
3.3.2. T0t (15 h from Emerging, Topical Treatment)
3.3.3. T1 Controls (45 h from Emerging, 30 h after Treatment)
3.3.4. T1 Treated (45 h from Emerging, 30 h after Treatment)
3.3.5. T2 Controls (70 h from Emerging, 55 h after Treatment)
3.3.6. T2 Treated (70 h from Emerging, 55 h after Treatment)
3.3.7. T3 Controls (90 h from Emerging, 75 h after Treatment)
3.3.8. T3 Treated (90 h from Emerging, 75 h after Treatment)
3.4. Paths of Ovariole Transformation
3.5. Ovariole Mapping and Counting
3.6. Fecundity and Hatching at Each Deposition Cycle
3.7. Corpora Allata
3.7.1. T0 (Emerging from Puparium)
3.7.2. T0t (15 h from Emerging, Topical Treatment)
3.7.3. T1 Controls (45 h from Emerging, 30 h after Treatment)
3.7.4. T1 Treated (45 h from Emerging, 30 h after Treatment)
3.7.5. T2 Controls (70 h from Emerging, 55 h after Treatment)
3.7.6. T2 Treated (70 h from Emerging, 55 h after Treatment)
3.7.7. T3 Controls (90 h from Emerging, 75 h after Treatment)
3.7.8. T3 Treated (90 h from Emerging, 75 h after Treatment)
3.8. Cell Number in Corpora Allata
3.9. Volume of Corpora Allata
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DC (µg/µL) | F ± SD | FI (%) |
---|---|---|
Control (0) | 2461.3 ± 330.8 | --- |
5 | 1668.6 ± 82.1 | 32 |
25 | 837.3 ± 76.5 | 66 |
50 | 736.0 ± 52.5 | 70 |
75 | 690.0 ± 86.9 | 72 |
ON ± SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
I° Circle | II° Circle | III° Circle | IV° Circle | |
Control | 24.2 ± 1.2 | 18.5 ± 1.0 | 11.5 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 0.8 |
Treated | 24.2 ± 1.0 | 18.2 ± 1.5 | 11.5 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.8 |
Time Intervals | ON ± SD | |
---|---|---|
T0t | -- | 60.1 ± 2.0 |
T1 | Control | 58.7 ± 2.9 |
Treated | 58.8 ± 1.8 | |
T2 | Control | 59.8 ± 2.4 |
Treated | 58.3 ± 3.4 | |
T3 | Control | 59.7 ± 2.1 |
Treated | 59.0 ± 2.5 |
EC | FC ± SD | FI (%) | HC ± SD | H (%) | SI (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control (n = 10) | 1° | 90.2 ± 19.0 | --- | 86.9 ± 19.4 | 96 | --- |
2° | 87.4 ± 33.8 | --- | 85.3 ± 34.1 | 98 | --- | |
3° | 83.8 ± 33.0 | --- | 81.4 ± 32.2 | 97 | --- | |
Treated (n = 10) | 1° | 70.8 ± 45.1 | 22 | 51.4 ± 36.71 | 73 | 41 |
2° | 29.2 ± 44.8 | 67 | 14.3 ± 33.17 | 49 | 83 | |
3° | 20.9 ± 38.8 | 75 | 5.0 ± 10.2 | 24 | 94 |
Time Intervals | CN ± SD | V ± SD | |
---|---|---|---|
T0 | --- | 16.4± 1.1 | 110.8 ± 8.4 × 103 |
T0t | --- | 19.4 ± 1.1 | 158.2 ± 12.3 × 103 |
T1 | Control | 19.6 ± 1.1 | 205.6 ± 14.4 × 103 |
Treated | 17.6 ± 1.5 | 160.1 ± 13.6 × 103 | |
T2 | Control | 19.8 ± 1.3 | 323.4 ± 17.8 × 103 |
Treated | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 184.4 ± 17.2 × 103 | |
T3 | Control | 19.8 ± 1.3 | 214.1 ± 24.0 × 103 |
Treated | 18.0 ± 1.0 | 153.8 ± 21.1 × 103 |
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Pezzi, M.; Scapoli, C.; Marchetti, M.G.; Chicca, M.; Krčmar, S.; Leis, M.; Bonacci, T. Alternative Use of the Insecticide Diofenolan on Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae): A Morphological and Ultrastructural Investigation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10122. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810122
Pezzi M, Scapoli C, Marchetti MG, Chicca M, Krčmar S, Leis M, Bonacci T. Alternative Use of the Insecticide Diofenolan on Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae): A Morphological and Ultrastructural Investigation. Sustainability. 2021; 13(18):10122. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810122
Chicago/Turabian StylePezzi, Marco, Chiara Scapoli, Maria Gabriella Marchetti, Milvia Chicca, Stjepan Krčmar, Marilena Leis, and Teresa Bonacci. 2021. "Alternative Use of the Insecticide Diofenolan on Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae): A Morphological and Ultrastructural Investigation" Sustainability 13, no. 18: 10122. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810122