Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Spatial Flow Process of Soil Conservation Service in Jinghe Basin of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Data Source and Processing
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Soil Erosion Model
2.3.2. Hydrological Information Extraction
2.3.3. Dinf Algorithm
2.3.4. Determination of Supply and Demand
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Erosion
3.2. Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Conservation Service
3.3. Space Flow Path of Soil Conservation Service
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Daily, G.C. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1997; Volume 12, pp. 3–6. [Google Scholar]
- Murali, R.; Ikhagvajav, P.; Amankul, V.; Jumabay, K.; Sharma, K.; Bhatnagar, Y.V.; Suryawanshi, K.; Mishra, C. Ecosystem service dependence in livestock and crop-based production systems in Asia’s high mountains. J. Arid Environ. 2020, 180, 104204–104213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, D.; Zou, C.; Cao, W.; Xiao, T.; Gong, G. Ecosystem services changes between 2000 and 2015 in the Loess Plateau, China: A response to ecological restoration. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0209483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alcamo, J. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2003; p. 8. [Google Scholar]
- Brambilla, M.; Ilahiane, L.; Assandri, G.; Ronchi, S.; Bogliani, G. Combining habitat requirements of endemic bird species and other ecosystem services may synergistically enhance conservation efforts. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 586, 206–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frank, S.; Fürst, C.; Witt, A.; Koschke, L.; Makeschin, F. Making use of the ecosystem services concept in regional planning—trade-offs from reducing water erosion. Landsc. Ecol. 2014, 29, 1377–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiang, L.-C.; Lin, Y.-P.; Huang, T.; Schmeller, D.S.; Verburg, P.H.; Liu, Y.-L.; Ding, T.-S. Simulation of ecosystem service responses to multiple disturbances from an earthquake and several typhoons. Lands. Urban Plan. 2014, 122, 41–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bai, Y.; Ouyang, Z.; Zheng, H.; Li, X.; Zhuang, C.; Jiang, B. Modeling soil conservation, water conservation and their tradeoffs: A case study in Beijing. J. Environ. Sci. 2012, 24, 419–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Zhao, W.; Jia, L. Soil conservation service: Concept, assessment, and outlook. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2019, 39, 432–440. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wischmeier, W.H.; Johnson, C.S.; Cross, B.V. A soil erodibility nomograph for farmland and construction sites. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1971, 26, 189–193. [Google Scholar]
- Wischmeier, W.; Smith, D. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses—A Guide To Conservation Planning. Agric. Handb. 1978, 537, 62. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, X.Z.; Yu, D.S.; Warner, E.D.; Sun, W.X.; Petersen, G.W.; Gong, Z.T.; Lin, H. Cross-Reference System for Translating Between Genetic Soil Classification of China and Soil Taxonomy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2006, 70, 78–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, X.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, J.; Xing, Y.; Duan, Y. Evaluation of the Importance of Soil and Water Conservation Function Based on GIS and RUSLE Models—A Case Study of Shenzhen. Environ. Prot. Sci. 2020, 46, 123–129. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, Y.; Xie, G.; Lu, C.; Xu, J. Involvement of ecosystem service flows in human wellbeing based on the relationship between supply and demand. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2016, 36, 3096–3102. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Tang, C.; Li, J.; Zhou, Z.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, C.; Ran, H. How to Optimize Ecosystem Services Based on a Bayesian Model: A Case Study of Jinghe River Basin. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4149–4166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, D.; Wu, S.; Liu, L.; Liang, Z.; Li, S. Evaluating regional water security through a freshwater ecosystem service flow model: A case study in Beijing-Tianjian-Hebei region, China. Ecol. Indic. 2017, 81, 159–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bagstad, K.J.; Villa, F.; Batker, D.; Harrison-Cox, J.; Voigt, B.; Johnson, G.W. From theoretical to actual ecosystem services: Mapping beneficiaries and spatial flows in ecosystem service assessments. Ecol. Soc. 2014, 19, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, J.; Xiao, Y.; Xie, G.; Jiang, Y. Ecosystem Service Flow Insights into Horizontal Ecological Compensation Standards for Water Resource: A Case Study in Dongjiang Lake Basin, China. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 2019, 29, 214–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, T.; Li, J.; Wang, Y. Carbon sequestration service flow in the Guanzhong-Tianshui economic region of China: How it flows, what drives it, and where could be optimized? Ecol. Indic. 2019, 96, 548–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szatten, D.; Habel, M. Effects of Land Cover Changes on Sediment and Nutrient Balance in the Catchment with Cascade-Dammed Waters. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 3414–3434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cama, M.; Schillaci, C.; Kropáček, J.; Hochschild, V.; Bosino, A.; Märker, M. A Probabilistic Assessment of Soil Erosion Susceptibility in a Head Catchment of the Jemma Basin, Ethiopian Highlands. Geosciences 2020, 10, 248–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’callaghan, J.F.; Mark, D.M. The Extraction of Drainage Networks From Digital Elevation Data. Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process. 1984, 27, 323–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fairfield, J.; Leymarie, P. Drainage networks from grid Digital Elevation Models. Water Resour. Res. 1991, 27, 709–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman, T.G. Calculating catchment area with divergent flow based on a regular grid. Comput. Geosci. 1991, 17, 413–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa-Cabral, M.C.; Burges, S.J. Digital Elevation Model Networks (DEMON): A model of flow over hillslopes for computation of contributing and dispersal areas. Water Resour. Res. 1994, 30, 1681–1692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Abadi, A.M.A.; Ghalib, H.B.; AL-Qurnawi, W.S. Estimation of soil erosion in northern Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq using RUSLE, remote sensing, and GIS. Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci. Febr. 2016, 11, 153–166. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, X.; Lu, H.; Bian, L.; Ren, Z. Comparison of river network extraction algorithms based on DEM. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2006, 37, 1134–1141. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Hu, G.; Hui, S.; Shi, X. Evaluation of Topography Factors Based on the Unit Contributing Catchment Area. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2016, 36, 621–627. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Suo, A.N.; Xiong, Y.C.; Wang, T.M.; Yue, D.X.; Ge, J.P. Ecosystem health assessment of the Jinghe River Watershed on the Huangtu Plateau. Ecohealth 2008, 5, 127–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, H.; Jia, Y.; Tague, C.; Slaughter, P. An Eco-Hydrological Model-Based Assessment of the Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Management in the Jinghe River Basin, China. Water 2015, 7, 6301–6320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, L.; Lyu, A.; Wu, J.; Michael, H.; Tang, Z.; He, B.; Liu, J.; Liu, M. Impact of meteorological drought on streamflow drought in Jinghe River Basin of China. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 2014, 24, 694–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.C.; Xie, G.D.; Lin, Z. Characters of precipitation variation in Jinghe watershed. Resour. Sci. 2007, 29, 172–177. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H.; Liu, G.; Li, Z.; Wang, P.; Wang, Z. Assessing the Driving Forces in Vegetation Dynamics Using Net Primary Productivity as the Indicator: A Case Study in Jinghe River Basin in the Loess Plateau. Forests 2018, 9, 374–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.; Chen, X.; Gao, M.; Zhang, Z.; Cheng, Q. Detecting Temporal Variations of Temperature Characteristics in Jinghe Watershed. J. Water Resour. Res. 2017, 06, 33–41. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kun, Y.; Jie, H.E. China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (1979–2018); National Tibetan Plateau Data Center: Beijing, China, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Wischmerie, W.H.; Smith, D.D. Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland east of the Rocky Mountains: A guide to conservation planning. Agric. Hardbook. 1965, 282, 1–17. [Google Scholar]
- Li, K.; Yue, D.P.; Liu, P.; Lang, Y. Spatial Distribution of Soil Erosion Analyzed Based onGIS and RUSLE in Yulin City. Bull. Soil Water Conserv. 2014, 34, 172–178. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Williams, J.R.; Dyke, P.T.; Jones, C.A. EPIC: A model for assessing the effects of erosion on soil productivity. Dev. Environ. Model. 1983, 5, 553–572. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, C.F.; Ding, S.W.; Shi, Z.H.; Huang, L.; Zhang, G.Y. Study of Applying USLE and Geographical Information System IDRISI to Predict Soil Erosion in Small Watershed. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2000, 14, 19–24. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Mccool, D.; Brown, L.; Foster, G.; Mutchler, C.; Meyer, L. Revised Slope Length Factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Trans. ASAE 1987, 30, 1387–1396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.Y.; Nearing, M.A.; Shi, P.J.; Jia, Z.W. Slope Length Effects on Soil Loss for Steep Slopes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64, 1759–1763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fu, B.; Liu, Y.; Lü, Y.; He, C.; Zeng, Y.; Wu, B. Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China. Ecol. Complex. 2011, 8, 284–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lufafa, A.; Tenywa, M.M.; Isabirye, M.; Majaliwa, M.J.G.; Woomer, P.L. Prediction of soil erosion in a Lake Victoria basin catchment using a GIS-based Universal Soil Loss model. Agric. Syst. 2003, 76, 883–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, D.; Wen, X.; Shen, P.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, L.; Li, J.; Zhi, Y. Information Extraction of River Networks and Determination ofDrainage Area Threshold Using DEM Data. Bull. Soil Water Conserv. 2017, 37, 189–193. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Geographic Data Sharing Infrastructure, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University. 1.1 Million National Basic Geographic Database (2017); Geographic Data Sharing Infrastructure, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University: Beijing, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, C.Y.; Zhang, S.; Li, Z.H.; Liu, S.Y. Using nitrogen isotope techniques to identify the sources of the nitrate contamination to the groundwater beneath Shijiazhuang city. Adv. Earth Sci. 2004, 19, 183–191. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Li, Z.M.; Wei, J.W.; Wang, M.; Huang, Y.T.; Sun, F.Q. Extraction of river network based on D8 algorithm and Dinf algorithm. J. Water Resour. Water Eng. 2016, 27, 42–45. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yang, L.W.; Wang, D.Y.; Wang, Y.Z.; Liang, Z.; Wu, S.Y.; Li, S.C. Quantitative assessment of the supply-demand relationship of soil conservation service in the Sushui River Basin. Resour. Sci. 2020, 42, 2451–2462. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Li, T.H.; Zheng, L.N. Soil Erosion Changes in the Yanhe Watershed from 2001 to 2010 Based on RUSLE Model. J. Nat. Resour. 2012, 27, 1164–1175. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Water Resources the People’s Republic of China. SL 190–2007 Standards for Classification and Gradation of Soil Erosion; China Water & Power Press: Beijing, China, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, W.W.; Liu, Y.; Feng, Q.; Wang, Y.P.; Yang, S.Q. Ecosystem services for coupled human and environment systems. Progress Geogr. 2018, 37, 139–151. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Yan, J. A network perspective for mapping freshwater service flows at the watershed scale. Ecosyst. Serv. 2020, 45, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, Y.; Bai, X.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Tao, J.; Zhang, Y. Ecological Compensation Standard Accounting of Chishui River Basin Based on Ecosystem Service Value. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Mach. 2019, 50, 312–322. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
Rainfall in 2005 | Rainfall in 2015 | NDVI in 2005 | NDVI in 2015 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
soil erosion amount (kg) | 9.522 × 1010 | 8.882 × 1010 | 1.448 × 1011 | 1.400 × 1011 |
Start Sub-Basin Number | End Sub-Basin Number | Flow Direction (°) | Flow Amount (kg) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 240 | 1.89 × 109 |
2 | 3 | 130 | 2.15 × 108 |
16 | 19 | 220 | 1.29 × 109 |
26 | 22 | 90 | 5.43 × 108 |
38 | 36 | 87 | 6.62 × 109 |
45 | 38 | 25 | 3.42 × 109 |
47 | 40 | 55 | 7.23 × 108 |
55 | 47 | 315 | 2.97 × 108 |
27 | 31 | 135 | 3.41 × 107 |
31 | 35 | 210 | 1.03 × 108 |
35 | 44 | 155 | 6.17 × 107 |
44 | 46 | 250 | 8.32 × 107 |
48 | 44 | 0 (360) | 9.39 × 107 |
50 | 48 | 300 | 2.15 × 108 |
52 | 56 | 120 | 8.68 × 107 |
56 | 57 | 200 | 9.88 × 107 |
57 | 58 | 105 | 1.93 × 107 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zheng, T.; Zhou, Z.; Zou, Y.; Pulatov, B.; Biswas, A. Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Spatial Flow Process of Soil Conservation Service in Jinghe Basin of China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041794
Zheng T, Zhou Z, Zou Y, Pulatov B, Biswas A. Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Spatial Flow Process of Soil Conservation Service in Jinghe Basin of China. Sustainability. 2021; 13(4):1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041794
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Ting, Zixiang Zhou, Yufeng Zou, Bakhtiyor Pulatov, and Asim Biswas. 2021. "Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Spatial Flow Process of Soil Conservation Service in Jinghe Basin of China" Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041794