Effects of Grassland Conversion in the Chinese Chernozem Region on Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Sampling and Measurements
2.3. Calculations and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Variations in SOC, STN, and STP Concentrations
3.2. Changes in SOC, STN, and STP Stocks
3.3. Factors Affecting SOC, STN, and STP
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes of Nutrients along Soil Pedogenic Horizons After Grassland Conversion
4.2. Effects of Grassland Conversion and Soil Pedogenic Horizon on Changes of Nutrient Stocks
4.3. Variation of Nutrients with Soil Properties
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land Use | Soil horizon | BD (g cm–3) | CaCO3 (%) | pH | Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grassland | A | 1.23 Ac | 4.33 Ac | 7.76 Ad | 17.03 Bb | 9.33 Cc | 73.63 Aa |
AB | 1.32 Bb | 7.15 Ab | 7.94 Ac | 18.36 Bb | 9.47 Bc | 72.18 Aa | |
Bk | 1.36 Ab | 8.06 Aa | 8.15 Ab | 18.28 Cb | 11.47 Bb | 70.25 Aa | |
BC | 1.43 Aa | 6.73 Ab | 8.19 Ab | 22.11 ABa | 12.19 Ba | 66.02 Ab | |
C | 1.46 Aa | 4.67 Ac | 8.26 Aa | 22.19 Aa | 12.40 Ba | 65.41 Ab | |
Shelterbelt | A | 1.24 Ab | 3.79 Bb | 7.63 Ba | 18.51 Bd | 10.28 Bb | 71.21 Aa |
AB | 1.19 Cc | 4.48 Ba | 7.63 Ba | 20.30 Ac | 9.55 Bb | 70.15 Aa | |
Bk | 1.31 Aa | 4.56 Ca | 7.66 Ba | 26.26 Aa | 15.29 Aa | 58.45 Cc | |
BC | 1.32 Ba | 3.49 Bb | 7.66 Ba | 23.25 Ab | 15.49 Aa | 61.25 Ab | |
C | 1.38 Ba | 3.50 Bb | 7.69 Ba | 23.32 Ab | 14.99 Aa | 61.69 Ab | |
Cropland | A | 1.22 Ac | 4.14 Ab | 7.55 Cb | 21.01 Aa | 11.49 Ab | 67.50 Bb |
AB | 1.43 Aa | 4.64 Bb | 7.60 Bab | 17.65 Bb | 11.25 Ab | 71.11 Aa | |
Bk | 1.27 Bc | 6.73 Ba | 7.63 Ba | 20.32 Bab | 12.31 Ba | 67.38 Bb | |
BC | 1.35 Bb | 3.76 Bc | 7.64 Ba | 20.07 Bab | 10.55 Cc | 69.05 Aab | |
C | 1.36 Bb | 3.52 Bc | 7.64 Ba | 21.35 Aa | 12.89 Ba | 65.76 Ac |
Factor | SOCc | STNc | STPc | SOCs | STNs | STPs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land use | 0.012 * | 0.041 * | 0.024 * | 0.018 * | 0.044 * | 0.030 * |
Soil horizon | 0.000 ** | 0.000 ** | 0.000 ** | 0.000 ** | 0.000 ** | 0.000 ** |
Land use * Soil horizon | 0.000 ** | 0.025 * | 0.018 * | 0.001 ** | 0.038 * | 0.027 * |
Variables | Soil Horizon | BD | CaCO3 | pH | Clay | Silt | Sand |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOC | A | −0.024 | 0.276 | 0.093 | −0.280 | −0.137 | 0.235 |
AB | 0.343 | −0.009 | 0.114 | −0.444 * | −0.214 | 0.370 | |
Bk | −0.457 * | 0.504 ** | 0.503 ** | −0.510 ** | −0.619 ** | 0.570 ** | |
BC | −0.511 ** | 0.485 * | 0.596 ** | 0.221 | −0.104 | −0.136 | |
C | 0.407 | −0.056 | 0.797 ** | 0.121 | −0.162 | −0.002 | |
STN | A | −0.181 | 0.288 | 0.127 | −0.233 | −0.078 | 0.181 |
AB | 0.095 | 0.372 | 0.313 | −0.453 * | −0.190 | 0.367 | |
Bk | −0.626 ** | 0.501 ** | 0.042 | −0.577 ** | −0.479 * | 0.514 ** | |
BC | −0.402 | −0.045 | 0.315 | 0.367 | −0.331 | −0.196 | |
C | 0.692 ** | 0.051 | 0.553 ** | 0.308 | −0.147 | −0.123 | |
STP | A | −0.142 | −0.139 | −0.475 * | 0.276 | 0.150 | −0.237 |
AB | 0.420 | −0.580 ** | −0.551 ** | 0.329 | 0.616 ** | −0.440 | |
Bk | −0.406 | 0.549 ** | −0.130 | 0.532 ** | 0.530 ** | −0.495 * | |
BC | −0.564 ** | 0.096 | 0.159 | 0.544 ** | −0.152 | −0.377 | |
C | −0.099 | 0.468 * | 0.401 | −0.267 | −0.208 | 0.255 |
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Li, C.; Dong, G.; Sui, B.; Wang, H.; Zhao, L. Effects of Grassland Conversion in the Chinese Chernozem Region on Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052554
Li C, Dong G, Sui B, Wang H, Zhao L. Effects of Grassland Conversion in the Chinese Chernozem Region on Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052554
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chunli, Guotao Dong, Biao Sui, Hongbin Wang, and Lanpo Zhao. 2021. "Effects of Grassland Conversion in the Chinese Chernozem Region on Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052554