Effects of a Short-Term Trampling Experiment on Alpine Vegetation in the Tatras, Slovakia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
- (1)
- The community Juncetum trifidi (Krajina 1933) is not one of the endangered phytocenoses, although it contains endemic taxa (Campanula tatrae, Leucanthemopsis tatrae, Soldanella carpatica). As a pioneering community, it has an important soil protection function. The community is formed by tufted hemicryptophytes (Juncus trifidus, Oreochloa disticha, Festuca supina) and rosette hemicryptophytes (Hieracium alpinum, Campanula alpina) with non-dominant shrub chamaephytes (Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium myrthillus). The undergrowth consists of scaly and bushy lichens (Cetraria is-landica, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia uncialis) and mosses (Polytrichum alpinum, Polytrichum piliferum). The bedrock consists of limestone, dolomites, and shales. The community spreads over rankers on the border of the High and Belianske Tatras. An experimental block was established on the NW site with a slope of 22°, at an altitude of 1754 m. In 2008, the average number of people visiting the path in this community was 298 per day.
- (2)
- The community Junco trifidi-Callunetum vulgaris (Krajina 1933) Hadač ex Šibík et al. 2007 with a small-scale and rare occurrence in the Western Carpathians is rare, not yet endangered. The community is formed by chamaephytes (Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrthillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and hemicryptophytes (Juncus trifidus, Avenella flexuosa, Hieracium alpinum, Campanula alpina). The undergrowth consists of lichens (Cetraria islandica, Cladonia gracilis). The bedrock consists of lime-stone, dolomites and shales. The community spreads over rankers on the border of the High and Be-lianske Tatras. An experimental block was established on the NE site with a slope of 4°, at an alti-tude of 1778 m. In 2008, the average number of people visiting the path in this community was 249 per day.
- (3)
- The community Seslerietum tatrae occurs in a narrow altitude range 1900–2000 m a.s.l. with long-lasting high snow cover. The community is formed by hemicryptophytes (Sesleria tatrae, Carex tatrorum, Anthoxanthum alpinum, Bastrsia alpina, Bistorta vivipara, Campanula tatrae, Helianthemum grandiflorum, Homogyne alpina, Pedicularis verticillata, Potentilla aura, Soldanella carpatica, Thymus pulcherrimus). The mosses reach a cover of 30% (Pleurozium schreberi). The bedrock consists of limestone, dolomites, and shales. The community spreads over lithosols in the National Nature Reserve Belianske Tatry. An experimental block was established on the SW site with a slope of 39°, at an altitude of 1924 m. In 2008, the average number of people visiting the path in this community was 86 per day.
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Trampling Treatment and Timing
- visual estimates of the top cover perpendicular to the slope angle of each vascular plant species and of mosses and lichens;
- visual estimates of the top cover perpendicular to the slope angle of bare ground;
- visual estimates of the top cover perpendicular to the slope angle of litter.
- (1)
- Visual estimates of the coverage (%) of each vascular plant species and of mosses and lichens. Only green photosynthetic material should be included in cover estimates. It is inappropriate to include the cover of surviving stems that had been defoliated by trampling. Cover values are round integral numbers, and if the cover is less than 1% the value 0.5% or 0% can be used, indicating a complete lack of cover.
- (2)
- Visual estimates of the cover (%) of bare ground (ground not covered by live vegetation). Bare ground can be either mineral or soil.
- (3)
- Visual estimates of the cover (%) of litter (including the litter of recently trampled plants).
2.4. Data Analysis
Relative Cover
2.5. Loss of Species
2.6. Statistical Processing
3. Results
3.1. Interaction between Trampling Intensities and Sites
3.2. Impacts of Trampling Disturbance On Individual Species
- (1)
- The Juncetum trifidi community is dominated by hemicryptophytes (88%) and woody chamaephytes (12%). The most damaged were hemicryptophytes Bistorta major, Hieracium alpinum, Campanula alpina, Campanula tatrae, and Juncus trifidus. Particularly, woody chamaephyt Vaccinium myrtillus was more resistant to the process of trampling than broadleaf hemicryptophytes.
- (2)
- The Junco trifidi-Callunetum vulgaris community is dominated by hemicryptophytes (86%) and woody chamaephytes (14%). The most damaged species were hemikryptophytes Pulsatilla scherfelii, Bistorta major, Campanula alpina, Campanula tatrae, and Juncus trifidus. Woody chamaephytes Calluna vul-garis, Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea were more resistant to the process of trampling than broadleaf hemicryptophytes.
- (3)
- The Seslerietum tatrae community is dominated by hemicryptophytes (67%), woody and herbaceous chamaephytes (26%), annual terophytes (4%), and geophytes (3%). The most damaged species were hemikrypthytes Sesleria tatrae, Carex sempervirens, Luzula alpinopilosa subsp, obscura, Rhodiola rosea, and Phyteuma orbiculare. In this community, the woody chamephytes of Salix reticulata and Salix kitaibeliana were severely damaged during the trampling process.
3.3. Impacts of Trampling Disturbance on Vegetation Layers, Litter and Bare Ground
3.4. Species Loss
3.5. Relative Cover of Communities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date/Plot | Ks150 | Ks450 | PKs150 | PKs450 | VKs150 | VKs450 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
June/July 2008 | 6.67 | 0.00 | −15.78 | −18.12 | −13.64 | −38.10 |
June/August 2008 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −20.89 | −33.88 | −31.82 | −57.14 |
June/September 2008 | 6.67 | −5.88 | −26.89 | −41.76 | −45.45 | −61.90 |
June 2008/September 2009 | 6.67 | −5.88 | −15.44 | −35.88 | −31.82 | −47.62 |
June 2008/September 2010 | 6.67 | −5.88 | −12.33 | −31.76 | −18.18 | −33.33 |
June 2008/September 2011 | 6.67 | 0.00 | −6.56 | −29.41 | −4.55 | −23.81 |
June 2008/September 2012 | 6.67 | 0.00 | −4.89 | −25.41 | −4.55 | −19.05 |
June 2008/September 2013 | 6.67 | 0.00 | −4.00 | −26.82 | −9.09 | −19.05 |
June 2008/September 2014 | 6.67 | 0.00 | −3.11 | −26.82 | −13.64 | −19.05 |
Plot | July 2008 | August 2008 | September 2008 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mosses | Lichens | Mosses | Lichens | Mosses | Lichens | |
Ks150 | 61.32 | 70.57 | 38.16 | 65.08 | 22.47 | 52.09 |
Ks450 | 43.32 | 59.47 | 42.06 | 40.84 | 31.14 | 25.26 |
PKs150 | 66.6 | 86.60 | 55.84 | 81.09 | 33.09 | 78.08 |
PKs450 | 56.46 | 77.59 | 15.21 | 66.86 | 12.28 | 65.64 |
VKs150 | 80.75 | 96.43 | 75.69 | 68.63 | 60.88 | 67.9 |
VKs450 | 40.65 | 71.48 | 34.09 | 2.91 | 31.95 | 0.00 |
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Piscová, V.; Ševčík, M.; Hreško, J.; Petrovič, F. Effects of a Short-Term Trampling Experiment on Alpine Vegetation in the Tatras, Slovakia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052750
Piscová V, Ševčík M, Hreško J, Petrovič F. Effects of a Short-Term Trampling Experiment on Alpine Vegetation in the Tatras, Slovakia. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052750
Chicago/Turabian StylePiscová, Veronika, Michal Ševčík, Juraj Hreško, and František Petrovič. 2021. "Effects of a Short-Term Trampling Experiment on Alpine Vegetation in the Tatras, Slovakia" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052750