Rethinking Sustainable Community-Based Tourism: A Villager’s Point of View and Case Study in Pampang Village, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Case Study
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis Method
4. Results and Discussion
“Tourism activities supported by the initiation of friends, villagers, will continue to be sustainable to build a tourism village.”—Participant 1, male, tourism village organization member, age 44, interviewed November 2020.
“In the past, before the village head passes away, the residents were always eager to carry out activities because he assisted the community, for example, cleaning the garden area. However, after the village head’s decease, the women had to ask several other women or me if the tourism village management needed the villager’s participation continuously”.—Participant 2, female, community member, age 43, interviewed in December 2020.
“Yes, I see the current situation is less enthusiastic because since the village chief passed away, the cohesiveness of the residents (related to the tourism village program) has decreased, and they walk separately with their respective products. It takes continuous activities, procurement of bathrooms, prayer rooms so that promotions are more convincing and not disappointing visitors. Still need help from the village government.”—Participant 3, female, community member, age 37, interviewed December 2020.
“Before (era) of tourism village, I opened a usual, like others, culinary business but then closed because of low demand. Then I find a special signature menu of dishes utilizing the local river prawns as our traditional menu from the (idea of) tourism village thematic and continued until now with good market demand.”—Participant 4, female, community member, age 44, interviewed December 2020
“Now, birds are everywhere. We can enjoy it on the banks of this river very beautifully. In the past, birds were hard to see; maybe they were extinct because people were still not aware of shooting them, and capturing them, and then it becomes a livelihood, catching them for money so that after a while, the birds are vanishing. After all, they are hunted day and night.”—Participant 5, male, river community care member, age 44, interviewed November 2020.
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
- Mayaka, M.; Croy, W.G.; Wolfram Cox, J. A dimensional approach to community-based tourism: Recognising and differentiating form and context. Ann. Tour. Res. 2019, 74, 177–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodwin, H.; Santilli, R. Community-Based Tourism: A success? ICRT Occas. Pap. 2009, 11, 1–37. [Google Scholar]
- Manaf, A.; Purbasari, N.; Damayanti, M.; Aprilia, N.; Astuti, W. Community-Based Rural Tourism in Inter-Organizational Collaboration: How Does It Work Sustainably? Lessons Learned from Nglanggeran Tourism Village, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jin, Q.; Hu, H.; Kavan, P. Factors influencing perceived crowding of tourists and sustainable tourism destination management. Sustainability 2016, 8, 976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- United Nations Environment Programme. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication; United Nation: Nairobi, Kenya, 2011; ISBN 9789280731439. [Google Scholar]
- Rindrasih, E. Under the Volcano: Responses of a Community-Based Tourism Village to the 2010 Eruption of Mount Merapi, Indonesia. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pramanik, P.D.; Ingkadijaya, R.; Achmadi, M. The Role of Social Capital in Community Based Tourism. J. Indones. Tour. Dev. Stud. 2019, 7, 62–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia Lucchetti, V.; Font, X. Community Based Tourism: Critical Success Factors. ICRT Occas. Pap. 2013, OP27, 1–21. [Google Scholar]
- World Tourism Organization. UNWTO Annual Report 2016; UNWTO: Madrid, Spain, 2017; ISBN 9789284418725. [Google Scholar]
- Paunovic, I.; Jovanovic, V. Implementation of Sustainable Tourism in the German Alps: A Case Study. Sustainability 2017, 9, 226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- World Tourism Organization. Tourism and Biodiversity—Achieving Common Goals Towards Sustainability; UNWTO: Madrid, Spain, 2010; ISBN 9789284413713. [Google Scholar]
- World Tourism Organization. Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations; UNWTO: Madrid, Spain, 2004; ISBN 9284407265. [Google Scholar]
- Boronyak, L.; Asker, S.; Carrard, N.; Paddon, M. Effective Community Based Tourism: A Best Practice Manual for Peru; Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre: Gold Coast, Australia, 2010; ISBN 9781921785047. [Google Scholar]
- Adeyinka-Ojo, S.F.; Khoo-Lattimore, C.; Nair, V. A Framework for Rural Tourism Destination Management and Marketing Organisations. Procedia—Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014, 144, 151–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Situmorang, R.; Trilaksono, T.; Japutra, A. Friend or Foe? The complex relationship between indigenous people and policymakers regarding rural tourism in Indonesia. J. Hosp. Tour. Manag. 2019, 39, 20–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Priatmoko, S. Analysis of Marketability, Sustainability, Participatory and Disaster Mitigation (MSP+DM) for the development of rural Community-Based Tourism (CBT) destinations Case study: Depok beach, Bantul, Yogyakarta. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2018, 202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Priatmoko, S.; Purwoko, Y. Does the Context of MSPDM Analysis Relevant in Rural Tourism? Case Study of Pentingsari, Nglanggeran, and Penglipuran. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Creative Economics, Tourism and Information Management (ICCETIM), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 17–18 July 2019; pp. 15–21. [Google Scholar]
- Okech, R.; Haghiri, M.; George, B. Rural Tourism As a Sustainable Development Alternative: An Analysis With Special Reference To Luanda, Kenya. Cult. Rev. Tur. 2012, 6, 38–54. [Google Scholar]
- Dorobantu, M.R.; Nistoreanu, P. Rural Tourism and Ecotourism—the Main Priorities in Sustainable Development Orientations of Rural Local Communities in Romania. Econ. Transdiscipl. Cogn. 2012, 15, 3–10. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.E.; Cheng, S.K.; Zhong, L.S.; Mu, S.L.; Dhruba, B.G.C.; Ren, G.Z. Rural tourism development in China: Principles, models and the future. J. Mt. Sci. 2013, 10, 116–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, H.; Liu, J.; Wei, Z.; Li, W.; Wang, L. Residents’ attitudes towards sustainable tourism development in a historical-cultural village: Influence of perceived impacts, sense of place and tourism development potential. Sustainability 2017, 9, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hardy, A.; Pearson, L.J. Determining sustainable tourism in regions. Sustainaibility 2016, 8, 660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reily, M. Potensi Desa Wisata Naik Menjadi 1.734 Unit. 2018. Available online: https://katadata.co.id/ekarina/berita/5e9a558d10a92/2018-potensi-desa-wisata-naik-menjadi-1734-unit (accessed on 1 February 2020).
- BPS-Statistics Indonesia. Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2020; BPS-Statistics Indonesia: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2020; ISBN 9786024383282.
- Buultjens, J.; Gale, D. Facilitating the development of Australian Indigenous tourism enterprises: The Business Ready Program for Indigenous Tourism. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2013, 5, 41–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dewi, M.H.U.; Fandeli, C.; Baiquni, M. Pengembangan Desa Wisata Berbasis Partisipasi Masyarakat Lokal Di Desa Wisata Jatiluwih Tabanan, Bali. Kawistara 2013, 3, 117–226. [Google Scholar]
- Tolkach, D.; King, B. Strengthening Community-Based Tourism in a new resource-based island nation: Why and how? Tour. Manag. 2015, 48, 386–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trirat, S.S.; Poung-ngamchuen, J.; Ponghan, S.; Dangsuwann, M.; Ponghan, K. Green Map: Agricultural Resources Management Tool for Community-based Tourism. APCBEE Procedia 2014, 8, 248–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, K.; Zhang, J.; Tian, F. Community leadership in rural tourism development: A tale of two ancient Chinese villages. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Junaid, I.; Sigala, M.; Banchit, A. Implementing community-based tourism (CBT): Lessons learnt and implications by involving students in a CBT project in Laelae Island, Indonesia. J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ. 2020, 100295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vitasurya, V.R. Local Wisdom for Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism, Case on Kalibiru and Lopati Village, Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Procedia—Soc. Behav. Sci. 2016, 216, 97–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rohani, E.D.; Purwoko, Y. Dampak Sosial Pariwisata Terhadap Masyarakat Desa Ekowisata Pampang Gunung Kidul Menuju Desa Ekowisata Berkelanjutan. J. Sosiol. Reflektif. 2020, 14, 237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Priatmoko, S. Perencanaan Pengembangan Destinasi Wisata Menggunakan Analisis MSP + DM. J. Khasanah Ilmu 2019, 10, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Priatmoko, S.; Purwoko, Y. Anwani Mitigasi Bencana Daerah Tujuan Wisata Studi Kasus: Pentingsari, Nglanggeran, Penglipuran. J. Tour. Destin. Attract. 2019, 7, 99–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kent State University Libraries Statistical and Qualitative Data Analysis Software. About NVivo. Available online: https://libguides.library.kent.edu/statconsulting/NVivo (accessed on 1 March 2021).
- Zamawe, F.C. The Implication of Using NVivo Software in Qualitative Data Analysis: Evidence-Based Reflections. Malawi Med. J. 2015, 27, 13–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chakraborty, S.; Saha, S.K.; Ahmed Selim, S. Recreational services in tourism dominated coastal ecosystems: Bringing the non-economic values into focus. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 2020, 30, 100279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Given, L.M. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods; SAGE Publications Inc.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2008; Volume 1–2. [Google Scholar]
- Ma, X.L.; Dai, M.L.; Fan, D.X.F. Land expropriation in tourism development: Residents’ attitudinal change and its influencing mechanism. Tour. Manag. 2020, 76, 103957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noble, H.; Heale, R. Triangulation in research, with examples. Evid. Based Nurs. 2019, 22, 67–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heale, R.; Forbes, D. Understanding triangulation in research. Evid. Based Nurs. 2013, 16, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Corral, S.; Hernandez, J.; Ibanez, M.N.; Ceballos, J.L.R. Transforming mature tourism resorts into sustainable tourism destinations through participatory integrated approaches: The case of Puerto de la Cruz. Sustainability 2016, 8, 680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mills, S.; White, M.; Wrieden, W.; Brown, H.; Stead, M.; Adams, J. Home food preparation practices, experiences and perceptions: A qualitative interview study with photo-elicitation. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, 0182842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jain, M.; Varghase, J.; V, J. Fast food… an unhealthy solution to a healthy ”slow-cooking” food. Int. J. Recent Sci. Res. 2017, 8, 16190–16193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pubill, A.; Buzinde, C.N. Indigenous self-representations in the touristic sphere. Ann. Tour. Res. 2021, 86, 103099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villanueva-álvaro, J.J.; Mondéjar-Jiménez, J.; Sáez-Martínez, F.J. Rural tourism: Development, management and sustainability in rural establishments. Sustainability 2017, 9, 818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Atun, R.A.; Nafa, H.; Türker, Ö.O. Envisaging sustainable rural development through ‘context-dependent tourism’: Case of northern Cyprus. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2019, 21, 1715–1744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sung, W.; Kim, C. A Study on the Effect of Change Management on Organizational Innovation: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Members’ Innovative Behavior. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ab.Hadi, M.Y.; Roddin, R.; Razzaq, A.R.A.; Mustafa, M.Z.; Baser, J.A. Poverty Eradication through Vocational Education (Tourism) among Indigenous People Communities in Malaysia: Pro-poor Tourism Approach (PPT). Procedia—Soc. Behav. Sci. 2013, 93, 1840–1844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Silva, C.S.; Magano, J.; Matos, A.; Nogueira, T. Sustainable Quality Management Systems in the Current Paradigm: The Role of Leadership. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dressel, S.; Sjölander-lindqvist, A.; Johansson, M.; Ericsson, G.; Sandström, C. Achieving Social and Ecological Outcomes in Collaborative Environmental Governance: Good Examples from Swedish Moose Management. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Researcher | Data | Finding |
---|---|---|
Mayaka, et.al [1] | In-depth interview | Community to community role |
Manaf et al. [3] | In-depth interviews, observation, and documents review | An internal group of community |
Junaid et al. [30] | Field survey | Community and other stakeholders |
Dewi, et.al [26] | Literature study, in-depth interviews, and non-participant observation | Community and government |
Lucchetti and Font [8] | Interviews, surveys, and non-participant observation | Community and commercial business entity |
Rindrasih [6] | Observations and in-depth interviews | Community and local government |
Pramanik et al. [7] | Questionnaire | Collective community |
Vitasurya [31] | Observation, in-depth interview, group discussion | Local community |
Buultjens and Gale [25] | Semi-structured, in-depth interviews | Indigenous people |
Parameter | Detail | Score and Indicator | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
A (Physical development approach) | The use of land for physical development | No regulation of land use | Available arrangement of land use but not obeyed | Agreements and restrictions on physical development begin to be obeyed | Public land use regulation is followed and open space is expanded rather than physical development | The available land-use rule is observed; willingness to revision nature-friendly development |
B (Visitor’s approach) | Number of visitors to the various attractions of the carrying capacity | No visitor path scenario, and visitors only understand a particular point of attraction | No visitor path scenario for the flow of visitors and congestion or desolation occurs at specific points | Available visitor path for a variety of topics of interest but no mechanism for distributing the number of visitors | Open visitor path for a variety of points of attraction and is a tool for spreading the number of visitors | Available visitor path for a variety of points of interest and the number of visitors is dispersed to the carrying capacity of each point |
C (Natural resources use approach) | Supply capability and durability of resources for the needs of tourists in various tourism related activities | No regulation on the use of local resources | Limitation on the use of local resources but are not obeyed | Arrangements and restrictions of resources obeyed | Law on the use of resources tends to renew its capacity | Regulation on the use of resources is obeyed; willingness to contribute to the renewal function of resources |
D (Local community’s response) | Reaction and action of the local community on tourism activities in the village/region | Majority of local people reject tourism activities in their area | The majority of local people are not interested in engaging in the activities of tourism | The majority of local people want to be involved in tourism activities | Communities make organizations regulate the role of tourism activity | The organization is created by the community connected with various stakeholders |
E (Visitor’s response) | The intended and typical visitor | Tourism objects/attractions are still desolate | Visited by individual travelers only; no groups | Group visitors begin to come; at least, family visitors | Already marketed by tourism business entities | Listed as a must-visit for tourists |
F (Government’s response) | Reaction and action of the government in the development area | No attention from the government | Listed in the development planning agenda | Get budget allocations from local government development planning | Involves a wide range of stakeholders in the development of the region | The provincial or national government makes plans and budget allocations |
Scales | Category |
---|---|
1.00–1.99 | Embryo |
2.00–2.99 | Pioneer |
3.00–3.99 | Growing |
4.00–5.00 | Advanced |
Attraction Assessed | Parameter | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | F | Score per attraction | |
Score per parameter | |||||||
Bendowo Rest Area & Garden | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4.00 |
Silver Craft | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3.83 |
Agricultural tourism and education | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3.33 |
Herbal medicine course | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3.50 |
Accommodation and meals | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3.17 |
Camping ground | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.17 |
Waste bank management course | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3.17 |
Total Score | 3.45 |
Sustainable Tourism Meaning |
-Setting the mindset to become rural tourism actors |
-Community group awareness and empowerment |
Activities That Support Sustainable Tourism |
-Advancing tourist attractions and business opportunities for the needs of tourists |
-Culinary businesses and river-based traditional cuisine |
-Utilizing the local environment assets as an ecotourism thematic village |
Business Capacity and Plans |
-Adding facilities and infrastructure to provide a better experience for the visitor |
-Culinary business and traditional merchandise improvement |
Expectations From Tourism Activities |
-Additional employment opportunities for women in the village |
-Increase the standard of living |
Role and Impression Regarding Rural CBT |
-The village head provides cohesiveness of the residents and his role |
-Tourism village managers, informal group leaders, responsibilities, and their pride |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Priatmoko, S.; Kabil, M.; Purwoko, Y.; Dávid, L.D. Rethinking Sustainable Community-Based Tourism: A Villager’s Point of View and Case Study in Pampang Village, Indonesia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063245
Priatmoko S, Kabil M, Purwoko Y, Dávid LD. Rethinking Sustainable Community-Based Tourism: A Villager’s Point of View and Case Study in Pampang Village, Indonesia. Sustainability. 2021; 13(6):3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063245
Chicago/Turabian StylePriatmoko, Setiawan, Moaaz Kabil, Yitno Purwoko, and Lóránt Dénes Dávid. 2021. "Rethinking Sustainable Community-Based Tourism: A Villager’s Point of View and Case Study in Pampang Village, Indonesia" Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063245