Optimizing Water Use Structures in Resource-Based Water-Deficient Regions Using Water Resources Input–Output Analysis: A Case Study in Hebei Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The impacts of water scarcity on economic development in Hebei Province. For example, Li used an input–output optimization model to study the impact of water scarcity on the potential output of the economy in the southern region of Hebei Province [17]. Lin estimated the correlation between economic growth and water use by industry in Hebei Province using panel data, finding that water use in the agricultural sector had the highest correlation with economic growth [13].
- Research into industrial development based on the perspective of water scarcity constraints. This type of research is mainly divided into two categories, either single-industry perspectives regarding the optimal use of water resources in Hebei, or studies into the problem of the optimal structure of multi-sectoral industries, based on water resources constraints. Among these, single-industry perspective studies have mainly focused on the impact of agricultural production on water resources in Hebei Province [18,19]. In addition, Sun studied the impact of power structure optimization on reducing water use in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region [20]. Studies into water resources problems in multiple industrial sectors in Hebei Province have also mainly focused on the allocation of industrial structures based on the coupling constraints between water and energy [21,22]. Such studies have tended to analyze optimization problems under water resources constraints. They have downplayed the impact of economic structure, especially regarding the internal linkages of industrial structure on water consumption.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area
2.2. Methods
- (1)
- The multiplier for direct water use
- (2)
- The multiplier for total water use
- (3)
- The multiplier for direct output
- (4)
- The multiplier for total output
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of the Results
4.2. Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country or Area | Renewable Internal of Freshwater Per Capita (m3) | Freshwater Withdrawals of Internal Resources (%) | Freshwater Withdrawals for Agriculture (%) | Freshwater Withdrawals for Industry (%) | Freshwater Withdrawals for Domestic (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heibei China | 144.3 | 181.9 | 74.8 | 12.7 | 12.5 |
China | 2016.2 | 21.3 | 64.4 | 23.3 | 13.3 |
Israel | 96.6 | 260.5 | 57.8 | 5.8 | 36.4 |
Korea, Rep | 1302.8 | 45 | 54.7 | 15.3 | 23.7 |
India | 1117.6 | 44.8 | 90.4 | 2.2 | 7.4 |
Iran | 1638.8 | 72.6 | 92.2 | 1.2 | 7.4 |
Jordan | N/A | 124.5 | 53 | 3 | 44 |
German | 1321.3 | 30.8 | 0.6 | 84 | 15.4 |
Malta | N/A | 44.4 | 64.0 | 2.2 | 33.8 |
Poland | 1410.1 | 21.4 | 9.6 | 72.2 | 17.7 |
Netherland | 652.2 | 97.5 | 1.1 | 87.4 | 11.4 |
Year | Per Capita Water Resources (m3/Person) | Freshwater Withdrawals of Internal Resources (%) | Groundwater Supply of Total Water Supply (%) | Water Transfer Supply of Total Water Supply (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 144.3 | 181.5 | 71.37 | NA |
2015 | 182.5 | 138.5 | 68.46 | NA |
2016 | 279.7 | 87.7 | 63.88 | NA |
2017 | 184.5 | 131.3 | 58.17 | NA |
2018 | 217.7 | 111.2 | 52.88 | 12.87 |
Year | Total Water Consumption | Total Agricultural and Ecological Water (100 Million m3) | Total Industrial Water (100 Million m3) | Total Domestic Water (100 Million m3) | Water Consumption Per Capita (m3/Person) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 187.2 | 140.3 | 22.5 | 24.4 | 252.8 |
2015 | 182.6 | 134.7 | 21.9 | 25.9 | 245.2 |
2016 | 181.6 | 134.3 | 20.3 | 27 | 242.3 |
2017 | 182.4 | 135.6 | 19.1 | 27.8 | 242 |
2018 | 182.3 | 136.4 | 18.8 | 27 | 240.7 |
Output | Intermediate Use | Final Use | Total Output | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input | Sector 1 | Sector j | Sector n | |||||
Intermediate Input | Sector1 | x11 | … | x1j | … | x1n | Y1 | X1 |
… | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
Sector i | xi1 | … | xij | … | xin | Yi | Xi | |
… | … | … | … | … | … | |||
Sectorn | Xn1 | … | xnj | … | xnn | Yn | Xn | |
Water Resources Consumption W | W1 | Wj | Wn | NA | NA | |||
NA | NA | |||||||
Initial Input V | V1 | … | Vj | … | Vn | NA | NA | |
Total Input | X1 | … | Xj | … | Xn | NA | NA |
Water Consumption Coefficient Reduced 10% | Agricultural Forestry, and Fishing | Mining and Energy | Finance and Real Estate | Water Supply Department | Manufacturing | Construction | Service and Transportation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Change in total water consumption (100 million cubic meters) | −13.53 | −0.52 | −0.35 | −0.09 | −1.73 | −2.42 | −0.09 |
Change rate of total water consumption | −7.23% | −0.28% | −0.19% | −0.05% | −0.93% | −1.29% | −0.05% |
Change in Value Added (100 Million USD) | Increase in Water Consumption (100 Million Tons) | Percentage Increase in Water Consumption | |
---|---|---|---|
Agricultural forestry, andfishing | 52.798 | 10.261 | 5.48% |
Mining and energy | 28.445 | 1.084 | 0.58% |
Finance and real estate | 44.106 | 0.833 | 0.45% |
Water supply department | 0.489 | 0.054 | 0.03% |
Manufacturing | 125.469 | 12.543 | 6.70% |
Construction | 139.589 | 6.147 | 3.28% |
Service and Transportation | 26.977 | 0.185 | 0.10% |
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Wei, Y.; Sun, B. Optimizing Water Use Structures in Resource-Based Water-Deficient Regions Using Water Resources Input–Output Analysis: A Case Study in Hebei Province, China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073939
Wei Y, Sun B. Optimizing Water Use Structures in Resource-Based Water-Deficient Regions Using Water Resources Input–Output Analysis: A Case Study in Hebei Province, China. Sustainability. 2021; 13(7):3939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073939
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Yang, and Boyang Sun. 2021. "Optimizing Water Use Structures in Resource-Based Water-Deficient Regions Using Water Resources Input–Output Analysis: A Case Study in Hebei Province, China" Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3939. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073939