Environmental Concern, Attitude and Intention in Understanding Student’s Anti-Littering Behavior Using Structural Equation Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Research Framework and Hypotheses Development
2.2. Research Hypothesis
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Sample Description
4.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
4.3. Structural Equation Modeling
4.4. Multi-Group Analysis
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Construct | Indicators | Source |
Environmental Concern | ||
EC1 | I believe we are approaching a limit on the number of people the earth can support. | [32] |
EC2 | I believe plants and animals have as much right like us to exist. | |
EC3 | I believe our interference with nature always produces disastrous consequences. | |
EC4 | I believe despite our special abilities, we are still subject to the laws of nature. | |
EC5 | I believe humans are severely abusing the environment. | |
Attitude | ||
A1 | I strongly dislike leaving the classroom with trash on my table. | [33] |
A2 | I strongly dislike putting my food and beverage waste containers outside the trash bin after meals on campus. | |
A3 | Often, I will pick up my rubbish that falls in the campus street area. | |
Intention | ||
N1 | I will ensure not to leave my trash on the table before leaving the classroom. | [33] |
N2 | I will never put my food and drink container outside the rubbish bin in the campus area. | |
N3 | I will make an effort to pick up my trash that falls in the campus street area. |
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Item | Classification | Sample Amounts | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 18–19 | 183 | 60 |
20–21 | 107 | 35.1 | |
22 and above | 15 | 4.9 | |
Gender | Male | 127 | 41.6 |
Female | 178 | 58.4 | |
Race | Malay | 192 | 63 |
Chinese | 28 | 9.2 | |
Indian | 4 | 1.3 | |
Sarawak Ethnics | 71 | 23.3 | |
Sabah Ethnics | 10 | 3.3 | |
Religion | Islam | 200 | 65.6 |
Buddha | 21 | 6.9 | |
Hindu | 2 | 0.7 | |
Christian | 82 | 26.9 | |
Study Field | Business | 115 | 37.7 |
Tourism and Hospitality | 19 | 6.2 | |
Engineering | 47 | 15.4 | |
IT | 124 | 40.7 | |
Semester | 1 | 81 | 26.6 |
2 | 49 | 16.1 | |
3 | 52 | 17 | |
4 | 51 | 16.7 | |
5 | 72 | 23.6 | |
Total | 303 | 100 |
Construct | Item | Factor Loading | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Concern | EC1 | 0.856 | 0.936 | 0.746 |
EC2 | 0.895 | |||
EC3 | 0.872 | |||
EC4 | 0.859 | |||
EC5 | 0.835 | |||
Attitude | A1 | 0.899 | 0.896 | 0.742 |
A2 | 0.865 | |||
A3 | 0.818 | |||
Intention | N1 | 0.860 | 0.877 | 0.704 |
N2 | 0.884 | |||
N3 | 0.769 |
Construct | Environmental Concern | Attitude | Intention |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental Concern | 0.86 | ||
Attitude | 0.83 | 0.86 | |
Intention | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.84 |
Variable | Min | Max | Skew | C.R. | Kurtosis | C.R. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC1 | 1.000 | 5.000 | −0.040 | −0.287 | −1.071 | −3.819 |
EC2 | 1.000 | 5.000 | −0.057 | −0.405 | −1.364 | −4.863 |
EC3 | 1.000 | 5.000 | 0.031 | 0.218 | −1.062 | −3.784 |
EC4 | 1.000 | 5.000 | −0.023 | −0.167 | −1.304 | −4.648 |
EC5 | 1.000 | 5.000 | −0.011 | −0.078 | −1.142 | −4.072 |
N1 | 1.000 | 5.000 | 0.006 | 0.040 | −0.628 | −2.241 |
N2 | 1.000 | 5.000 | 0.058 | 0.413 | −0.915 | −3.264 |
N3 | 1.000 | 5.000 | 0.004 | 0.028 | −0.620 | −2.211 |
A3 | 1.000 | 5.000 | −0.096 | −0.681 | −0.968 | −3.452 |
A2 | 1.000 | 5.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.840 | −2.995 |
A1 | 1.000 | 5.000 | 0.027 | 0.189 | −1.058 | −3.771 |
Multivariate | −3.553 | −1.834 |
Standardized Path Coefficient | S.E. | C.R. | P | Hypothesis Result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Concern | Intention | 0.52 | 0.073 | 5.51 | 0.001 | supported |
Environmental Concern | Attitude | 0.83 | 0.057 | 15.38 | 0.001 | supported |
Attitude | Intention | 0.32 | 0.067 | 3.46 | 0.001 | supported |
Indirect Effect | Direct Effect | |
---|---|---|
Bootstrapping result | 0.264 | 0.518 |
Bootstrapping p-value | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Result | significant | significant |
Type of mediation | Partial mediation because direct is also significant |
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Ibrahim, H.; Mariapan, M.; Lin, E.L.A.; Bidin, S. Environmental Concern, Attitude and Intention in Understanding Student’s Anti-Littering Behavior Using Structural Equation Modeling. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4301. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084301
Ibrahim H, Mariapan M, Lin ELA, Bidin S. Environmental Concern, Attitude and Intention in Understanding Student’s Anti-Littering Behavior Using Structural Equation Modeling. Sustainability. 2021; 13(8):4301. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084301
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Hayati, Manohar Mariapan, Evelyn Lim Ai Lin, and Sheena Bidin. 2021. "Environmental Concern, Attitude and Intention in Understanding Student’s Anti-Littering Behavior Using Structural Equation Modeling" Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4301. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084301