Suitable Site Selection for Solar-Based Green Hydrogen in Southern Thailand Using GIS-MCDM Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodology
- Selection of major criteria and their sub-criteria from literature, discussions with experts, and Thailand’s environmental protection laws.
- Calculation of weight (importance) of each criterion using the AHP. Experts in the field related to renewable energy, green hydrogen, Thai government departments, etc., were asked to fill out a questionnaire designed for the pairwise comparison of the selected criteria. Based on their scoring, the weights of each criterion were calculated using the AHP.
- Maps of the selected criteria were collected from different sources and modified using GIS to be used in our study.
- Finally, the maps of different criteria were overlaid, incorporating their weights calculated through AHP and the suitable buffer areas to identify the most suitable sites for green hydrogen production.
2.3. Data Description
2.4. Definition of Buffers for the Criterions
2.5. Technical Criteria
2.5.1. Hydrogen Generation Potential
2.5.2. Proximity to Major Urban Centers
2.5.3. Slope
2.5.4. Elevation
2.6. Economic Criteria
2.6.1. Distance to Roads and Railway Lines
2.6.2. Distance to Transmission Lines
2.7. Environmental Criteria
2.7.1. Distance to Waterbodies
2.7.2. Distance to Protected Areas
2.7.3. Land Type Used
2.7.4. Distance from Residential Areas
2.8. Calculation of Weights Using AHP
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Criteria | Sub-Criteria |
---|---|
Technical | Hydrogen generation potential Proximity to major urban centers Slope |
Elevation | |
Economic | Distance to road |
Distance to transmission lines | |
Environmental | Distance to waterbodies |
Distance to protected areas | |
Distance from residential areas | |
Land type used |
Data Layers | Format | Spatial Resolution | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Digital elevation model (DEM) | Raster Grid | 100 M | Royal Thai Survey Department (RTSD), 2002 |
Land use map | Vector | 1:50,000 | Land-Development Department, 2012 |
National parks, protected forest map | Vector | 1:50,000 | Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, 2010 |
Road map | Vector | 1:50,000 | Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, 2010 |
Transmission line map | Vector | 1:50,000 | Provincial Electricity Authority, 2018 |
Residential area Map | Vector | 1:50,000 | Land Development Department, Sentinel Satellite 2020 |
Solar radiation Map | Vector | 1000 M | Solargis, 2020 |
Elevation | Vector | 30 M | USGS, 2010 |
Waterways and waterbodies | Vector | 1:50,000 | Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, 2018 |
Score | Distance to Roads &Railway Lines (Km) | Distance to Transmission Lines (Km) | Distance to Water Bodies & Ways (km) | Distance to Protected Areas (Km) | Hydrogen Generation Potential (Kg/Km2/Year) | Land-Type Used | Distance to Residential Areas (km) | Proximity to Major Urban Centers (km) | Slope (%) | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 0.5–2 | 0.5–2 | 0.5–2 | >3 | >6000 | Baren land, old mining areas etc. | >1.5 | 1–5 | 0–5 | >100 |
2 | 2–5 | 2–5 | 2–4 | 2–3 | 5500–6000 | Agriculture (low value) | 1–1.5 | 5–10 | 5–10 | 75–100 |
1 | 5–10 | 5–10 | 4–5 | 1–2 | 5000–5500 | Agriculture (High Value) | 0.5–1 | 10–20 | 10–15 | 50–75 |
0 | <0.5, >10 | <0.5, >10 | <0.5, >5 | < 1 | >5000 | Residential, Protected forests etc. | <0.5 | > 20 | >15 | <50 |
Score | Definition | Explanation |
---|---|---|
1 | Equal importance | Two activities contribute equally to the objective |
3 | Moderate importance | Judgment slightly favors one activity over another |
5 | Strong importance | Judgment strongly favors one activity over another |
7 | Very strong importance | An activity is favored very strongly over another |
9 | Extreme importance | Favoring one activity over another is of the highest affirmation |
2,4,6,8 | Intermediate values | When compromise is needed |
Reciprocals | If one activity, i has one of the above activities assigned to it when compared with activity j, then j has the reciprocal value when compared with i (i.e., 2 = ½ or 0.500) |
Matrix Size | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | 0 | 0 | 0.58 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.45 | 1.49 |
Main Criteria | Score | Sub-Criteria | Score |
---|---|---|---|
Technical | 0.2 | Hydrogen generation potential | 0.115 |
Proximity to major urban centers | 0.035 | ||
Slope | 0.026 | ||
Elevation | 0.017 | ||
Economic | 0.17 | Distance to road | 0.058 |
Distance to transmission lines | 0.116 | ||
Environmental | 0.63 | Distance to Waterbodies | 0.238 |
Distance to protected areas | 0.243 | ||
Distance from residential areas | 0.109 | ||
Land type used | 0.044 | ||
Sum | 1 | Sum | 1 |
Province | High Suitability (km2) | Moderate Suitability (Km2) | Low Suitability (km2) |
---|---|---|---|
Chumphon | 287.93 | 297.98 | 24.81 |
Krabi | 206.57 | 400.46 | 68.84 |
Nakhon Si Thammarat | 845.31 | 607.07 | 69 |
Narathiwat | 60.07 | 102.07 | 11.15 |
Pattani | 200.71 | 153.07 | 8.65 |
Phang Nga | 35.28 | 124.09 | 12.00 |
Phatthalung | 549.12 | 235.77 | 5.86 |
Phuket | - | 0.10 | 0.07 |
Ranong | 0.29 | 8.72 | 0.11 |
Satun | 7.97 | 37.77 | 0.57 |
Songkhla | 837.74 | 495.75 | 20.59 |
Surat Thani | 876.99 | 771.81 | 76.01 |
Trang | 212.99 | 222.26 | 15.78 |
Yala | 181.07 | 93.94 | 7.95 |
Total | 4302.06 | 3550.37 | 321.36 |
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Ali, F.; Bennui, A.; Chowdhury, S.; Techato, K. Suitable Site Selection for Solar-Based Green Hydrogen in Southern Thailand Using GIS-MCDM Approach. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6597. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116597
Ali F, Bennui A, Chowdhury S, Techato K. Suitable Site Selection for Solar-Based Green Hydrogen in Southern Thailand Using GIS-MCDM Approach. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6597. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116597
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Fida, Adul Bennui, Shahariar Chowdhury, and Kuaanan Techato. 2022. "Suitable Site Selection for Solar-Based Green Hydrogen in Southern Thailand Using GIS-MCDM Approach" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6597. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116597