On the Properties Evolution of Eco-Material Dedicated to Manufacturing Artificial Reef via 3D Printing: Long-Term Interactions of Cementitious Materials in the Marine Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Sample Manufacturing
2.3. Immersion and Monitoring
2.4. Experimental Protocol
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Biomass Weights Results of All Immersion Time
3.2. Mechanical Properties Results
4. Conclusions
- CL and CG formulations show the higher value in terms of mechanical properties and bio-colonization mass.
- Formulations based on CEM III presented better results than those based on geopolymer.
- A decrease of the mechanical properties with the immersion duration was observed.
- Due to the interaction between the cementitious materials and marine environment, an increase of bio-colonization mass was noticed until one year of immersion, after which a decrease was noted.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | C3S | C2S | C3A | C4AF |
---|---|---|---|---|
CEM III/B | 67% | 11% | 10% | 8% |
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Boukhelf, F.; Sebaibi, N.; Boutouil, M.; Yoris-Nobile, A.I.; Blanco-Fernandez, E.; Castro-Fresno, D.; Real-Gutierrez, C.; Herbert, R.J.H.; Greenhill, S.; Reis, B.; et al. On the Properties Evolution of Eco-Material Dedicated to Manufacturing Artificial Reef via 3D Printing: Long-Term Interactions of Cementitious Materials in the Marine Environment. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159353
Boukhelf F, Sebaibi N, Boutouil M, Yoris-Nobile AI, Blanco-Fernandez E, Castro-Fresno D, Real-Gutierrez C, Herbert RJH, Greenhill S, Reis B, et al. On the Properties Evolution of Eco-Material Dedicated to Manufacturing Artificial Reef via 3D Printing: Long-Term Interactions of Cementitious Materials in the Marine Environment. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159353
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoukhelf, Fouad, Nassim Sebaibi, Mohamed Boutouil, Adrian I. Yoris-Nobile, Elena Blanco-Fernandez, Daniel Castro-Fresno, Carlos Real-Gutierrez, Roger J. H. Herbert, Sam Greenhill, Bianca Reis, and et al. 2022. "On the Properties Evolution of Eco-Material Dedicated to Manufacturing Artificial Reef via 3D Printing: Long-Term Interactions of Cementitious Materials in the Marine Environment" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159353