Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Typical Subtropical Soils under Different Treated Domestic Wastewater Irrigation Modes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Soil Preparation
2.2. Analysis of the Treated Domestic Wastewater
pH | EC (µS·cm−1) | Na+ (mg·L−1) | Ca2+ (mg·L−1) | K+ (mg·L−1) | Mg2+ (mg·L−1) | SAR (mg·L−0.5) | TSS (mg·L−1) | COD (mg·L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.02 ± 0.23 | 204.24 ± 32.31 | 5.09 ± 2.18 | 9.12 ± 3.90 | 3.23 ± 1.85 | 2.3 ± 1.28 | 2.09 ± 1.67 | 7.07 ± 2.67 | 125.56 ± 30.42 |
2.3. Soil-Column Experiment
2.4. Analysis and Calculation of Soil Properties
2.5. Soil-Water Characteristic Curve Model
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Hydraulic Properties
3.1.1. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
3.1.2. Relative Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity
3.2. Soil-Water Characteristic Curves
3.3. Pore-Size Distribution
3.4. Soil Salinity and Sodicity
3.5. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Hydraulic Properties
4.2. Soil-Water Characteristic Curves
4.3. Pore-Size Distribution
4.4. Soil Salinity and Sodicity
4.5. Application of Wastewater to the Soils
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parament | Red Soil | Aquic Soil | Purple Soil | Paddy Soil |
---|---|---|---|---|
2–0.02 mm/(%) | 12 | 15 | 34 | 25 |
0.02–0.002 mm/(%) | 32 | 47 | 33 | 49 |
<0.002 mm/(%) | 56 | 38 | 33 | 26 |
EC/(μs/cm) | 46.70 ± 3.25 | 157.05 ± 10.75 | 196.20 ± 12.22 | 96.60 ± 0.40 |
pH | 5.05 ± 0.06 | 5.69 ± 0.02 | 7.50 ± 0.06 | 5.03 ± 0.01 |
Na+/(cmol/kg) | 0.30 ± 0.13 | 1.57 ± 0.01 | 1.66 ± 0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.13 |
Ca2+/(cmol/kg) | 3.17 ± 0.04 | 8.56 ± 0.05 | 16.92 ± 0.18 | 6.39 ± 0.06 |
K+/(cmol/kg) | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 1.46 ± 0.01 | 2.06 ± 0.08 | 0.44 ± 0.01 |
Mg2+/(cmol/kg) | 0.50 ± 0.01 | 3.23 ± 0.03 | 3.29 ± 0.04 | 0.97 ± 0.05 |
CEC | 13.09 ± 0.22 | 14.60 ± 1.19 | 20.38 ± 0.03 | 10.24 ± 0.19 |
OM | 2.28 ± 0.39 | 15.26 ± 3.20 | 18.67 ± 0.04 | 16.09 ± 2.01 |
Soil Type | Treatments | θs /(cm3·cm−3) | θr /(cm3·cm−3) | α | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red soil | W1 | 0.538 | 0.119 | 0.411 | 1.152 |
W2 | 0.544 | 0.157 | 1.093 | 1.235 | |
CK | 0.520 | 0.210 | 0.087 | 1.288 | |
Aquic soil | W1 | 0.452 | 0 | 1.006 | 1.065 |
W2 | 0.457 | 0 | 1.843 | 1.057 | |
CK | 0.470 | 0 | 1.743 | 1.055 | |
Purple soil | W1 | 0.424 | 0 | 67.166 | 1.040 |
W2 | 0.439 | 0.048 | 6.380 | 1.069 | |
CK | 0.446 | 0 | 26.96 | 1.057 | |
Paddy soil | W1 | 0.500 | 0.086 | 85.732 | 1.079 |
W2 | 0.488 | 0.039 | 100.41 | 1.062 | |
CK | 0.498 | 0.001 | 42.459 | 1.065 |
Soil Type | Treatments | EC (µS·cm−1) | Na+ (cmol·kg−1) | Ca2+ (cmol·kg−1) | K+ (cmol·kg−1) | Mg2+ (cmol·kg−1) | SAR(cmol•kg·0.5) | CEC (cmol·kg−1) | ESP (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red soil | W1 | 59.55 ± 3.65 a | 0.337 ± 0.013 b | 3.554 ± 0.137 b | 0.190 ± 0.033 a | 0.693 ± 0.097 a | 0.231 ± 0.003 b | 12.755 ± 0.125 b | 2.64 ± 0.13 b |
W2 | 58.70 ± 3.71 a | 0.793 ± 0.069 a | 4.142 ± 0.184 a | 0.473 ± 0.065 b | 0.710 ± 0.072 a | 0.509 ± 0.031 a | 12.383 ± 0.217 c | 6.40 ± 0.67 a | |
CK | 32.25 ± 2.19 b | 0.156 ± 0.011 c | 4.054 ± 0.190 a | 0.160 ± 0.030 c | 0.644 ± 0.070 a | 0.102 ± 0.004 c | 13.415 ± 0.169 a | 1.16 ± 0.10 c | |
Aquic soil | W1 | 141.8 ± 8.61 a | 1.652 ± 0.021 c | 9.366 ± 0.042 c | 0.597 ± 0.017 c | 4.040 ± 0.027 b | 0.638 ± 0.008 b | 14.948 ± 0.297 b | 11.05 ± 0.08 b |
W2 | 55.53 ± 2.84 b | 1.689 ± 0.016 b | 8.777 ± 0.036 b | 0.560 ± 0.021 b | 3.794 ± 0.019 c | 0.674 ± 0.003 a | 16.793 ± 0.146 a | 10.06 ± 0.01 c | |
CK | 34.37 ± 1.97 c | 1.758 ± 0.013 a | 9.547 ± 0.071 a | 0.640 ± 0.006 a | 4.243 ± 0.034 a | 0.669 ± 0.001 a | 13.236 ± 0.342 c | 13.29 ± 0.25 a | |
Purple soil | W1 | 199.47 ± 10.68 a | 1.936 ± 0.027 b | 22.127 ± 0.097 a | 0.701 ± 0.073 b | 4.640 ± 0.051 a | 0.529 ± 0.008 b | 16.093 ± 0.452 c | 12.04 ± 0.51 a |
W2 | 155.03 ± 10.75 b | 2.058 ± 0.039 a | 21.693 ± 0.075 b | 0.836 ± 0.045 a | 4.387 ± 0.047 b | 0.570 ± 0.011 a | 18.901 ± 0.471 a | 10.90 ± 0.48 b | |
CK | 122.63 ± 7.14 c | 2.031 ± 0.013 a | 21.530 ± 0.134 b | 0.820 ± 0.039 a | 4.415 ± 0.038 b | 0.564 ± 0.003 a | 17.395 ± 0.169 b | 11.68 ± 0.04 ab | |
Paddy soil | W1 | 252.13 ± 11.96 a | 1.837 ± 0.015 a | 6.575 ± 0.046 c | 0.679 ± 0.014 a | 1.928 ± 0.027 b | 0.891 ± 0.007 a | 13.033 ± 0.143 a | 14.10 ± 0.04 c |
W2 | 199.03 ± 12.22 b | 1.840 ± 0.047 a | 7.085 ± 0.074 a | 0.601 ± 0.026 a | 2.050 ± 0.029 a | 0.861 ± 0.020 b | 10.954 ± 0.258 b | 16.80 ± 0.03 b | |
CK | 180.73 ± 11.53 c | 1.798 ± 0.031 a | 6.872 ± 0.053 b | 0.608 ± 0.067 a | 1.966 ± 0.017 b | 0.855 ± 0.013 b | 10.471 ± 0.349 b | 17.18 ± 0.28 a |
Soil type | Parameters | EC | Na | Ca | K | Mg | SAR | CEC | ESP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red soil | Macropores | 0.579 | 0.942 ** | 0.258 | 0.988 ** | 0.109 | 0.951 ** | −0.754 * | 0.936 ** |
Effective pores | −0.460 | −0.823 ** | −0.743 * | 0.649 | −0.732 * | −0.797 * | 0.754 * | −0.830 ** | |
Micropores | −0.761 * | −0.965 ** | −0.407 | −0.801 ** | −0.634 | −0.960 ** | 0.950 ** | −0.967 ** | |
θs | 0.329 | 0.375 | −0.466 | 0.588 | −0.564 | 0.415 | −0.237 | 0.360 | |
θr | −0.906 ** | −0.37 | 0.396 | −0.064 | −0.643 | −0.389 | 0.734 * | −0.373 | |
α | 0.705 * | 0.987 ** | 0.276 | 0.949 ** | 0.312 | 0.993 ** | −0.874 ** | 0.983 ** | |
n | −0.819 ** | −0.171 | 0.593 | 0.104 | −0.488 | −0.198 | 0.568 | −0.173 | |
Aquic soil | Macropores | 0.142 | −0.625 | −0.475 | −0.706 * | −0.310 | 0.334 | 0.289 | −0.388 |
Effective pores | 0.356 | −0.395 | 0.358 | 0.014 | 0.450 | −0.734 * | −0.455 | 0.267 | |
Micropores | −0.664 | 0.240 | −0.223 | 0.197 | 0.112 | 0.339 | −0.154 | 0.232 | |
θs | −0.42 | 0.133 | 0.081 | −0.023 | 0.382 | −0.007 | −0.417 | 0.409 | |
θr | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
α | −0.955 ** | −0.397 | −0.397 | −0.076 | −0.158 | 0.941 ** | 0.123 | 0.112 | |
n | −0.179 | −0.091 | −0.091 | −0.384 | 0.080 | −0.513 | −0.098 | −0.040 | |
Purple soil | Macropores | −0.786 * | 0.568 | −0.735 * | 0.736 * | −0.783 * | 0.626 | 0.506 | −0.394 |
Effective pores | −0.501 | 0.392 | −0.462 | 0.680* | −0.662 | 0.434 | 0.482 | −0.451 | |
Micropores | 0.947 ** | −0.741 * | 0.931 ** | −0.549 | 0.718 * | −0.793 * | −0.463 | 0.235 | |
θs | −0.681 * | 0.606 | −0.736 * | −0.139 | −0.155 | 0.617 | 0.082 | 0.216 | |
θr | −0.141 | 0.690 * | −0.273 | 0.330 | −0.441 | 0.638 | 0.717 * | −0.572 | |
α | 0.694 * | −0.907 ** | 0.778 ** | −0.784 * | 0.923 ** | −0.921 ** | −0.939 ** | 0.761 * | |
n | −0.567 | 0.730 * | −0.682 * | −0.011 | −0.279 | 0.720 * | 0.360 | −0.075 | |
Paddy soil | Macropores | 0.546 | 0.290 | −0.500 | 0.631 | −0.688 * | 0.608 | 0.537 | −0.517 |
Effective pores | −0.565 | −0.144 | 0.418 | −0.210 | 0.007 | −0.355 | −0.604 | 0.629 | |
Micropores | 0.432 | 0.667 * | 0.211 | 0.281 | 0.208 | 0.408 | −0.354 | −0.272 | |
θs | −0.169 | −0.793 * | −0.476 | −0.411 | 0.064 | −0.397 | −0.027 | −0.111 | |
θr | 0.778 * | 0.204 | −0.639 | 0.474 | −0.192 | 0.553 | 0.838 ** | −0.873 ** | |
α | 0.479 | 0.562 | 0.147 | 0.139 | 0.413 | 0.331 | 0.432 | −0.379 | |
n | 0.082 | −0.620 | −0.589 | −0.244 | 0.007 | −0.183 | 0.218 | −0.345 |
Ks | Soil Pores | VG model Parameter | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macropores | Effective Pores | Micropores | θs | θr | α | n | ||
T | 2611.6 ** | 391.8 ** | 28.6 ** | 319.1 ** | 126.0 ** | 4241.5 ** | 42410.6 ** | 11.2 ** |
M | 15.4 ** | 71.6 * | 6.5 * | 35.2 ** | 1.1 | 292.7 ** | 5832.7 ** | 1.4 |
T × M | 15.6 ** | 65.9 ** | 19.1 ** | 37.6 ** | 2.2 ** | 75.9 ** | 2230.8 ** | 1.0 |
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Lu, J.; Wang, H.; Hu, C. Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Typical Subtropical Soils under Different Treated Domestic Wastewater Irrigation Modes. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610197
Lu J, Wang H, Hu C. Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Typical Subtropical Soils under Different Treated Domestic Wastewater Irrigation Modes. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610197
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Jiayu, Hui Wang, and Chuanwang Hu. 2022. "Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Typical Subtropical Soils under Different Treated Domestic Wastewater Irrigation Modes" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610197