Investigation of Some Property Changes of Light-Colored Turkish Natural Stones after High-Temperature Treatments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. High Temperature Test
2.2.2. Non-Destructive Tests
2.2.3. Point Load Strength Test
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Commercial Name | Stone Type | Location |
---|---|---|---|
HB | Hazar Beige | Limestone | Hazar-Elazig |
PB | Pertek Beige | Limestone | Pertek-Tunceli |
AB | Akçadağ Beige | Limestone | Akçadağ-Malatya |
HO | Honey Onyx | Limestone | Sögüt-Bilecik |
AO | Ağrı Onyx | Dolomite | Diyadin-Ağri |
Sample | HB (%) | PB (%) | AB (%) | HO (%) | AO (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe2O3 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 2.45 | 1.66 |
MgO | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.69 | 14.48 |
Al2O3 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.08 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 |
SiO2 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 |
P2O5 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
K2O | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
CaO | 54.14 | 53.15 | 53.70 | 52.16 | 38.82 |
TiO2 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | 0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 |
MnO | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | 0.29 | 0.35 |
ZnO | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 |
SrO | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 |
PbO | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 | ˂0.01 |
Na2O | 2.20 | 2.18 | 2.01 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
LOI | 43.08 | 44.12 | 43.73 | 44.25 | 44.48 |
Test | Code | 23 °C | 200 °C | 400 °C | 600 °C | 800 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Absorption (%) | HB | 0.162 ± 0.031 | 0.164 ± 0.034 | 0.587 ± 0.053 | 1.008 ± 0.088 | 4.862 ± 0.245 |
PM | 0.158 ± 0.030 | 0.161 ± 0.037 | 0.787 ± 0.062 | 1.321 ± 0.101 | 5.142 ± 0.271 | |
AB | 0.151 ± 0.032 | 0.155 ± 0.040 | 0.889 ± 0.069 | 1.719 ± 0.124 | 6.541 ± 0.432 | |
HO | 0.202 ± 0.048 | 0.210 ± 0.044 | 0.907 ± 0.078 | 2.388 ± 0.142 | 9.643 ± 0.678 | |
AO | 0.221 ± 0.042 | 0.229 ± 0.042 | 0.972 ± 0.101 | 2.524 ± 0.159 | 10.862 ± 0.702 | |
Porosity (%) | HB | 0.466 ± 0.058 | 0.472 ± 0.054 | 1.702 ± 0.122 | 2.993 ± 0.171 | 13.965 ± 0.897 |
PM | 0.422 ± 0.050 | 0.451 ± 0.051 | 2.423 ± 0.154 | 3.976 ± 0.192 | 15.785 ± 0.991 | |
AB | 0.423 ± 0.048 | 0.433 ± 0.049 | 2.777 ± 0.158 | 5.570 ± 0.298 | 20.221 ± 1.131 | |
HO | 0.589 ± 0.062 | 0.601 ± 0.060 | 2.884 ± 0.170 | 7.593 ± 0.542 | 24.294 ± 1.211 | |
AO | 0.652 ± 0.060 | 0.672 ± 0.062 | 3.120 ± 0.181 | 8.134 ± 0.612 | 25.784 ± 1.227 | |
Schmidt Hammer Hardness | HB | 45.4 ± 0.6 | 45.3 ± 0.7 | 44.2 ± 0.7 | 40.4 ± 0.6 | 20.6 ± 0.4 |
PM | 44.8 ± 0.5 | 44.6 ± 0.6 | 43.0 ± 0.7 | 39.2 ± 0.7 | 19.2 ± 0.4 | |
AB | 43.1 ± 0.5 | 43.0 ± 0.6 | 42.1 ± 0.6 | 36.2 ± 0.4 | 18.5 ± 0.3 | |
HO | 38.4 ± 0.4 | 38.3 ± 0.4 | 37.4 ± 0.5 | 32.9 ± 0.5 | 13.8 ± 0.3 | |
AO | 37.1 ± 0.5 | 37.0 ± 0.4 | 35.9 ± 0.6 | 29.8 ± 0.4 | 11.4 ± 0.2 | |
Point Load Strength (MPa) | HB | 7.67 ± 0.89 | 7.64 ± 0.63 | 7.01 ± 0.56 | 4.61 ± 0.37 | 2.24 ± 0.11 |
PM | 7.58 ± 0.33 | 7.53 ± 0.46 | 6.82 ± 0.48 | 4.02 ± 0.34 | 1.18 ± 0.12 | |
AB | 5.89 ± 0.17 | 5.87 ± 0.47 | 4.91 ± 0.36 | 3.58 ± 0.29 | 1.42 ± 0.14 | |
HO | 5.49 ± 0.32 | 5.44 ± 0.36 | 4.51 ± 0.32 | 3.18 ± 0.26 | 1.04 ± 0.19 | |
AO | 5.21 ± 0.46 | 5.20 ± 0.41 | 5.06 ± 0.44 | 3.02 ± 0.14 | 0.82 ± 0.11 |
Test | Heat (°C) | HB (%) | PB (%) | AB (%) | HO (%) | AO (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Absorption | 200 | +0.002 | +0.003 | +0.004 | +0.008 | +0.008 |
400 | +0.425 | +0.629 | +0.738 | +0.705 | +0.751 | |
600 | +0.846 | +1.163 | +1.568 | +2.186 | +2.303 | |
800 | +4.700 | +4.984 | +6.390 | +9.441 | +10.641 | |
Porosity | 200 | +0.006 | +0.029 | +0.010 | +0.012 | +0.020 |
400 | +1.236 | +2.001 | +2.354 | +2.295 | +2.468 | |
600 | +2.527 | +3.554 | +5.147 | +7.004 | +7.482 | |
800 | +13.499 | +15.363 | +19.798 | +23.705 | +25.132 | |
Schmidt Hammer Hardness | 200 | −0.220 | −0.446 | −0.232 | −0.260 | −0.270 |
400 | −2.643 | −4.018 | −2.320 | −2.604 | −3.235 | |
600 | −11.013 | −12.500 | −16.009 | −14.323 | −19.677 | |
800 | −54.626 | −57.143 | −57.077 | −64.063 | −69.272 | |
Point Load Strength | 200 | −0.391 | −0.660 | −0.340 | −0.911 | −0.192 |
400 | −8.605 | −10.026 | −16.638 | −17.851 | −2.879 | |
600 | −39.896 | −46.966 | −39.219 | −42.077 | −42.035 | |
800 | −70.795 | −84.433 | −75.891 | −81.056 | −84.261 |
Code | L*, a*, b*, GU | 23 °C | 200 °C | 400 °C | 600 °C | 800 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HB | L | 74.09 | 72.87 | 69.67 | 70.15 | 88.11 |
a | 3.89 | 3.94 | 4.20 | 2.75 | −2.01 | |
b | 10.12 | 10.41 | 9.81 | 5.67 | −4.15 | |
GU | 74.1 | 73.2 | 68.2 | 60.3 | 26.3 | |
PM | L | 79.15 | 77.58 | 57.25 | 63.87 | 84.77 |
a | 3.77 | 4.07 | 3.13 | 3.10 | −1.38 | |
b | 12.32 | 12.28 | 8.08 | 6.07 | −2.25 | |
GU | 94.6 | 91.8 | 88.5 | 75.3 | 26.0 | |
AB | L | 72.54 | 71.22 | 55.42 | 61.72 | 81.17 |
a | 6.91 | 6.46 | 4.64 | 4.28 | −0.75 | |
b | 17.01 | 16.95 | 8.01 | 7.83 | 1.06 | |
GU | 55.6 | 51.8 | 48.3 | 43.9 | 24.8 | |
HO | L | 71.94 | 73.51 | 69.86 | 79.77 | 92.98 |
a | 3.05 | 2.41 | 4.02 | 1.62 | 2.31 | |
b | 8.02 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 4.66 | 5.38 | |
GU | 98.4 | 95.8 | 91.1 | 52.4 | 15.3 | |
AO | L | 83.77 | 86.85 | 81.53 | 87.45 | 98.93 |
a | 1.28 | 1.15 | 1.59 | 1.33 | 0.69 | |
b | 3.86 | 5.04 | 6.47 | 3.29 | −0.48 | |
GU | 56.4 | 45.9 | 42.9 | 22.3 | 12.1 |
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Özdemir, E. Investigation of Some Property Changes of Light-Colored Turkish Natural Stones after High-Temperature Treatments. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10298. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610298
Özdemir E. Investigation of Some Property Changes of Light-Colored Turkish Natural Stones after High-Temperature Treatments. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10298. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610298
Chicago/Turabian StyleÖzdemir, Engin. 2022. "Investigation of Some Property Changes of Light-Colored Turkish Natural Stones after High-Temperature Treatments" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10298. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610298