Hell Is Empty, and All the Devils Are Here: Nexus between Toxic Leadership, Crisis Communication, and Resilience in COVID-19 Tourism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background, Framework, and Research Hypotheses
2.1. Toxic Leadership in COVID-19 Tourism
2.2. Employee Resilience in COVID-19 Tourism
2.3. Crisis Communication in COVID-19 Tourism
2.4. Conservation of Resources Theory
2.5. Influence of Toxic Leadership on Employees’ Resilience in COVID-19 Tourism
2.6. Influence of Toxic Leadership on Crisis Communication in COVID-19 Tourism
2.7. Influence of Crisis Communication on Employee Resilience in COVID-19 Tourism
2.8. Mediating Effect of Crisis Communication in COVID-19 Tourism
3. Methods
3.1. Sampling and Procedure
3.2. Measures
4. Results
4.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
4.2. Validity Estimates
4.3. Hypothesis Testing
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Managerial Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Male | 229 | 55.6 |
Female | 183 | 44.4 |
Numbers of Years in Organization | ||
Less than 5 years | 186 | 45.1 |
6–10 | 109 | 26.5 |
11–15 | 84 | 20.3 |
More than 15 years | 33 | 8.1 |
Sector | ||
Hotel and restaurants | 167 | 40.5 |
Traveling facilitation (e.g., tour operators, etc.) | 131 | 31.8 |
Leisure/entertainment | 54 | 13.1 |
Transportation (e.g., airline, etc.) | 47 | 11.4 |
Heritage sites | 13 | 3.2 |
Numbers of Employees in Organization | ||
Less than 100 | 141 | 34.2 |
101–500 | 119 | 28.9 |
501–1000 | 97 | 23.6 |
More than 1000 | 55 | 13.3 |
Education | ||
High School | 32 | 7.8 |
College Diploma | 112 | 27.2 |
Bachelors | 175 | 42.5 |
Masters | 89 | 21.6 |
PhD’s | 04 | 0.9 |
Age | ||
Less than 35 year | 187 | 45.4 |
36–45 | 143 | 34.7 |
46–55 | 52 | 12.6 |
≥55 | 30 | 7.3 |
Variables | Mean | SD | α | TL | CC | ER |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TL | 3.47 | 0.989 | 0.89 | 1 | ||
CC | 4.18 | 0.827 | 0.82 | −0.21 * | 1 | |
ER | 3.92 | 0.859 | 0.87 | −0.31 * | 0.46 * | 1 |
Items | Loadings |
---|---|
Toxic Leadership | |
TL1 | 0.93 |
TL2 | 0.88 |
TL3 | 0.83 |
TL4 | 0.91 |
TL5 | 0.70 |
TL6 | 0.84 |
TL7 | 0.77 |
TL8 | 0.69 |
TL9 | 0.38 * |
TL10 | 0.80 |
TL11 | 0.46 * |
TL12 | 0.73 |
TL13 | 0.82 |
TL14 | 0.85 |
TL15 | 0.72 |
Crisis Communication | |
CC1 | 0.87 |
CC2 | 0.72 |
CC3 | 0.77 |
CC4 | 0.81 |
CC5 | 0.92 |
CC6 | 0.88 |
CC7 | 0.86 |
Employees’ Resilience | |
ER1 | 0.51 * |
ER2 | 0.87 |
ER3 | 0.78 |
ER4 | 0.90 |
ER5 | 0.74 |
ER6 | 0.94 |
ER7 | 0.78 |
ER8 | 0.85 |
ER9 | 0.86 |
Variables | CR | AVE | TL | CC | ER |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TL | 0.960 | 0.654 | (0.808) | ||
CC | 0.941 | 0.698 | −0.28 | (0.835) | |
ER | 0.951 | 0.709 | −0.10 | 0.32 | (0.842) |
Paths | Βeta-Coeff | t-Values | p-Values | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Toxic leadership → Employee resilience | −0.19 | 6.29 | 0.001 | H1 Supported |
Toxic leadership → Crisis communication | −0.27 | 4.84 | 0.001 | H2 Supported |
Crisis communication → Employee resilience | 0.41 | 3.72 | 0.001 | H3 Supported |
Toxic leadership → Crisis communication → Employee resilience (indirect effect) | 0.21 | 2.69 | 0.026 | H4 Supported |
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Koo, I.; Anjam, M.; Zaman, U. Hell Is Empty, and All the Devils Are Here: Nexus between Toxic Leadership, Crisis Communication, and Resilience in COVID-19 Tourism. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10825. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710825
Koo I, Anjam M, Zaman U. Hell Is Empty, and All the Devils Are Here: Nexus between Toxic Leadership, Crisis Communication, and Resilience in COVID-19 Tourism. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):10825. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710825
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoo, Inhyouk, Mahwish Anjam, and Umer Zaman. 2022. "Hell Is Empty, and All the Devils Are Here: Nexus between Toxic Leadership, Crisis Communication, and Resilience in COVID-19 Tourism" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 10825. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710825
APA StyleKoo, I., Anjam, M., & Zaman, U. (2022). Hell Is Empty, and All the Devils Are Here: Nexus between Toxic Leadership, Crisis Communication, and Resilience in COVID-19 Tourism. Sustainability, 14(17), 10825. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710825