Sustainable Proposal for Regulating Organophosphate Pesticides in Wastewater Treatment Plants in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Organophosphate Pesticides
2.2. Agrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plants
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Sample Analysis and Quality Control
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Occurrence of Organophosphate Pesticides in Agrochemical Manufacturing Facilities and Agrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plants
3.2. Organophosphate Pesticide Removal Characteristics in Agrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plants
3.3. Suggestions for Sustainable Organophosphate Pesticide Regulation in Wastewater Treatment Plants
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Five OPs (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dichlorvos, EPN, and fenitrothion) were found at very high concentration levels in wastewaters generated from eleven AMFs and influents of ten AWWTPs.
- (2)
- Among the five OPs observed in the AWWTPs influents, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, and EPN were completely removed (100%). However, the average removal efficiencies of diazinon and dichlorvos were 75.0% and 85.7%, respectively, with high standard deviations of 50% and 37.8%, respectively, indicating their comparatively lower removal efficiency and treatment stability.
- (3)
- In the evaluation of four unit processes (FL, ASP, CO, and AC adsorption) for OP removal, the highest removal was observed for AC adsorption (93.4%), followed by CO (85%). In addition, AC adsorption showed higher treatment stability than CO while ASP showed a lower OP removal efficiency (48.5%).
- (4)
- For the sustainable management of OPs in AWWTPs, the additional regulation of chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, and fenitrothion is required in South Korea. Additionally, the most effective basic process configuration for OP removal from AWWTPs includes ASP as the main treatment technology followed by AC adsorption as a polishing treatment.
- (5)
- The application of the process suggested in this study would lead to the effective control of OPs in AWWTPs, which would reduce the concentration and detection frequency of OPs in surface water.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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OP | Percent Frequency of NMS detection in South Korean Rivers 1 |
---|---|
Chlorpyrifos | 4 (68/1733) 2 |
Diazinon | 2 (25/1378) |
Dichlorvos | 4 (39/954) |
EPN | 6 (66/1050) |
Fenitrothion | 0.2 (1/414) |
Methyldemeton | n.a. |
Parathion | n.a. |
Phenthoate | 5 (40/858) |
AWWTPs | Main Treatment Processes | Quantity of Effluent (m3/d) |
---|---|---|
W1 | In → FL 1 → ASP 2 → AC 3 → Out | 18 |
W2 | In → FL → ASP → FL → Out | 149 |
W3 | In → FL → AC → AF 4 → ASP → Out | 36 |
W4 | In → FL → ASP → AC → Out | 254 |
W5 | In → ASP → Out | 173 |
W6 | In → CO 5 (NaOCl) → FL → Filtration → AC → Out | 367 |
W7 | In → ASP → CO (Fenton) → Out | 537 |
W8 | In → ASP → FL → Out | 4000 |
W9 | In → FL → ASP → FL → Out | 200 |
W10 | In → FL → ASP → FL → AC → Out | 200 |
W11 | In → FL → ASP → Filtration → AC → Out | 270 |
W12 | In → FL → ASP → Out | 169 |
W13 | In → FL → Out | 60 |
OP | AMF Wastewater | AWWTPs | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Influent | Effluent | ||||||||
Min. (μg/L) | Max. (μg/L) | Freq. (%) | Min. (μg/L) | Max. (μg/L) | Freq. (%) | Min. (μg/L) | Max. (μg/L) | Freq. (%) | |
Chlorpyrifos | n.d. | 24,680 | 51.7 | n.d. | 10.04 | 7.7 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 |
Diazinon | n.d. | 205,200 | 13.8 | n.d. | 233.6 | 10.3 | n.d. | 2.79 | 2.6 |
Dichlorvos | n.d. | 378.6 | 17.2 | n.d. | 15.29 | 17.9 | n.d. | 19.56 | 2.6 |
EPN | n.d. | 3.91 | 3.4 | n.d. | 2.27 | 2.6 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 |
Fenitrothion | n.d. | 24.8 | 3.4 | n.d. | 3.25 | 7.7 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 |
Methyldemeton | n.d. | n.d. | 0 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 |
Parathion | n.d. | n.d. | 0 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 |
Phenthoate | n.d. | n.d. | 0 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 | n.d. | n.d. | 0 |
Unit Process | Average Removal (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
This Study | Literature | Overall | |
Flocculation | 87.2 | 41.6 (±26.9 1) [24,34] | 53.0 (±31.6) |
Biological removal with activated sludge | 30.7 | 52.1 (±40.9) [8,9,35] | 48.5 (±37.6) |
Chemical oxidation | n.a. | 87.0 (±16.8) [25,27,34,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] | 87.0 (±16.8) |
Activated carbon adsorption | 100 | 92.9 (±7.8) [6,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,45,46,47,48,49,50] | 93.5 (±7.7) |
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Ryu, H.-D.; Han, H.; Park, J.-H.; Kim, Y.S. Sustainable Proposal for Regulating Organophosphate Pesticides in Wastewater Treatment Plants in South Korea. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911979
Ryu H-D, Han H, Park J-H, Kim YS. Sustainable Proposal for Regulating Organophosphate Pesticides in Wastewater Treatment Plants in South Korea. Sustainability. 2022; 14(19):11979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911979
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyu, Hong-Duck, Hyeyeol Han, Ji-Hyoung Park, and Yong Seok Kim. 2022. "Sustainable Proposal for Regulating Organophosphate Pesticides in Wastewater Treatment Plants in South Korea" Sustainability 14, no. 19: 11979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911979