Research on Green Total Factor Productivity Enhancement Path from the Configurational Perspective—Based on the TOE Theoretical Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Techniques
2.2. Theoretical Framework for TOE
- (1)
- Technical Conditions. This covers the two secondary conditions of information construction and innovation capacity. Continuous innovation is necessary for technological advancements. Innovation influences the volume, structure, and efficiency of inputs and outputs as a critical strategy for improving the effectiveness of resource allocation, factor flow, and combination [31]. It is a significant impetus for the advancement of GTFP [32]. New technologies and processes improve GTFP by reducing energy use and pollution emissions per unit of output. Another way is by replacing or transforming old processes, high-pollution, and high-energy-consumption enterprises through the widespread application of new energy and other scientific and technological innovations, fostering the growth of green industries and improving GTFP [16].
- (2)
- Organizational Conditions. This consists of two secondary criteria: the organization’s industrial structure and environmental regulation. The organization’s green environment will direct and control specific organizational behavior. Environmental rules can direct businesses to create environmentally friendly green technologies, allowing for ongoing improvement of GTFP while considering the economy’s and environment’s balanced growth. There are several perspectives on how environmental regulations affect GTFP. One is the “compliance cost effect,” which contends that regulations increase the price of pollution control, stifle technological innovation, and reduce green productivity. The second is the “Porter hypothesis,” which contends that some environmental regulations can force high-polluting businesses to innovate technologically and encourage local businesses to lead in developing environmentally friendly green technologies. The compensating effect of innovation will offset the high R&D costs and encourage businesses to increase their investment in research and energy conservation, and emission reduction [34,35].
- (3)
- Environment Conditions. This specifically covers the degree of openness and economic status as secondary variables. They apply green technologies, implementing green policies, and promoting green concepts inside a company, which all impact the macro environment. The regional GTFP is affected by the flow of various production elements, industrial structure and concentration, and energy consumption. The economic level reflects output and living standards, consumption levels, and capital accumulation of the local population [37]. Early in the economic cycle, rapid economic growth necessitates a low threshold for environmental constraints. The support of significant financial resources accelerates technological advancement, offsetting the detrimental effects on the environment and fostering an improvement in regional GTFP. When economic growth reaches a certain point, resource scarcity and environmental degradation problems become more severe. Because of the current state of technology, economic growth is unable to fully offset these issues, which leads to a decline in GTFP.
2.3. Variable Headings and Information Sources
2.3.1. Metrics and Outcome Variables
- Global Production Possibility Set
- 2.
- SBM model
- 3.
- GML index
2.3.2. Metrics and Antecedent Conditions
3. Results
3.1. Calibration of Data
3.2. A One-Variate Analysis of Necessity
3.3. Building Truth Tables
3.4. An Evaluation of the Configuration’s Sufficiency
3.4.1. The Configuration and Approach for High GTFP
- Type of organizational management
- 2.
- Type of technical support
3.4.2. The Configuration and Route for Non-High GTFP
- (1)
- Type of organizational management deficit and environmental support deficiency.
- (2)
- Type of organizational management imbalance and technological support deficiency.
3.5. Analysis of Regional and Correspondence Paths
3.6. Tests for Robustness
4. Conclusions and Suggestions
- (1)
- Regions with high GTFP levels should keep improving the prerequisites for the path type they are on. The development, dissemination, and application of new technologies should be encouraged to sustain the landing of emerging and high-tech industries. Technology-supported types should also use innovation highlands, such as self-innovation zones and high-tech zones, to drive the optimization and upgrading of the overall regional industrial structure. Specifically, to assist in the transformation and modernization of conventional regional industries using the Internet, the pioneer industries can be encouraged to take the initiative in fully utilizing blockchain, big data, and artificial intelligence penetration. Government policies on regional development should be fully embraced as a directing factor and a binding force by organizational management styles. The province’s industrial development should be entirely under the control of the government, which should also reasonably regulate the upgrading and transformation of the regional industrial structure to meet domestic demand and develop environmental regulation policies that support regional industrial development and ecological protection. To aid in the advanced growth of local industries, it can specifically introduce foreign investment or independently develop and establish high-tech, environmental protection, and new energy sectors. To encourage businesses in the area to take on the responsibility of energy conservation and green development, local governments should develop environmental regulation tools that match the intensity of regional environmental protection supervision and fully utilize environmental protection taxes and emissions trading. Finally, local governments should step up their education and propaganda efforts, promote all stakeholders’ shared involvement in environmental protection oversight, and encourage social parties to contribute to green development.
- (2)
- For regions that have not attained high GTFP, provinces that lack environmental support and organizational management are primarily found in the economically underdeveloped western region, allowing them to utilize the “Belt and Road fully” and “Western Development” strategies to continue to open up to the outside world to improve economic efficiency. The country should avoid becoming a “pollution sanctuary” by developing proper environmental control rules, raising the environmental threshold for foreign capital to enter the province, and ensuring the quality and manner of enterprise introduction. While local businesses should be encouraged to actively collaborate with foreign businesses to develop cutting-edge peripheral technologies and equipment suitable for improving the pollution of traditional local industries, local resources and advantages should be combined with a targeted selection of high-efficiency, low-pollution, high-tech foreign enterprises in the specific implementation. At the same time, the intensity of environmental regulations should be determined according to local conditions and time. Dynamic environmental regulation standards should be formulated to stimulate green innovation, and time should be given to enterprises to make green transformations, avoiding one-size-fits-all policies that hinder economic deregulation in regions with the organizational imbalance and a lack of technological support. At the same time, we should actively plan transportation and information networks, build more roads, guarantee comprehensive wireless coverage, connect to the outside world physically and virtually, close the information gap between regions, and encourage new technology industries to establish themselves in the neighborhood. In order to attract investment, it is essential to define the region’s positioning and distinctive advantages, develop a distinctive investment-attraction strategy with the bordering regions, and ensure regional interaction and industrial specialization.
5. Research Participation
6. Opportunities and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Type | Variable Composition | |
---|---|---|
Resulting Variables | Green Total Factor Productivity | |
Technical conditions | Innovative capacity (IC) | Internal expenditure on R&D funding |
R&D staff | ||
Technology market turnover | ||
Number of patents granted | ||
Information construction (IL) | Internet penetration rate | |
Road miles per unit area | ||
Number of road miles/total population at the end of the year | ||
Organizational conditions | Environmental regulation (ER) | Industrial sulfur dioxide removal rate |
Actual number of people in the environmental protection system | ||
Number of environmental cases with administrative penalties | ||
Industrial structure (IS) | Advanced industrial structure | |
Rationalization of industrial structure | ||
Environmental conditions | Degree of openness (DO) | Total exports and imports/GDP |
Foreign direct investment/GDP | ||
Economic level (EL) | GDP per capita |
Variable | Full Affiliation | Crossover | Incomplete Affiliation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resulting variables | GTFP | 1.065 | 1.032 | 1.008 |
Technical conditions | IC | 0.636 | 0.116 | 0.009 |
IL | 0.530 | 0.335 | 0.199 | |
Organizational conditions | ER | 0.494 | 0.222 | 0.122 |
IS | 0.571 | 0.086 | 0.032 | |
Environmental conditions | DO | 0.741 | 0.214 | 0.029 |
EL | 122,929.946 | 49,629.535 | 35,482.811 |
Variable | High GTFP | ~High GTFP | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coherence | Coverage | Coherence | Coverage | |
IC | 0.682 | 0.770 | 0.503 | 0.619 |
~IC | 0.663 | 0.550 | 0.813 | 0.736 |
IL | 0.762 | 0.705 | 0.604 | 0.609 |
~IL | 0.577 | 0.572 | 0.707 | 0.764 |
ER | 0.733 | 0.721 | 0.605 | 0.648 |
~ER | 0.642 | 0.599 | 0.740 | 0.751 |
IS | 0.719 | 0.719 | 0.552 | 0.601 |
~IS | 0.602 | 0.552 | 0.742 | 0.742 |
DO | 0.745 | 0.763 | 0.545 | 0.609 |
~DO | 0.618 | 0.555 | 0.788 | 0.771 |
EL | 0.709 | 0.802 | 0.489 | 0.602 |
~EL | 0.648 | 0.538 | 0.839 | 0.758 |
IC | IL | ER | IS | DO | EL | Number | High GTFP | Rawconsist | PRIconsist | SYMconsist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.992 | 0.917 | 0.917 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.990 | 0.971 | 0.971 |
1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.985 | 0.885 | 0.885 |
0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.984 | 0.933 | 0.933 |
0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.977 | 0.896 | 0.896 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.937 | 0.683 | 0.683 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0.919 | 0.621 | 0.632 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0.871 | 0.675 | 0.678 |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.915 | 0.399 | 0.399 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.857 | 0.512 | 0.512 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.849 | 0.359 | 0.416 |
0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.837 | 0.333 | 0.333 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.818 | 0.392 | 0.392 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0.800 | 0.368 | 0.368 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.726 | 0.255 | 0.255 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0.590 | 0.171 | 0.171 |
Combination Path | Type of Organizational Management | Type of Technical Support | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1a | H1b | H1c | H1d | H2a | H2b | H2c | ||
Technical conditions | IC | • | • | ⊗ | ● | ● | ● | |
IL | • | ⊗ | • | ● | ● | ● | ||
Organizational conditions | ER | ● | ● | ● | ● | • | • | |
IS | ● | ● | ● | ● | • | ⊗ | ⊗ | |
Environmental conditions | DO | • | • | ⊗ | ⊗ | • | • | ⊗ |
EL | • | • | ⊗ | ⊗ | • | ⊗ | • | |
Consistency | 0.879 | 0.872 | 0.985 | 0.977 | 0.885 | 0.919 | 0.937 | |
Raw coverage | 0.453 | 0.445 | 0.267 | 0.295 | 0.493 | 0.339 | 0.353 | |
Unique coverage | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 0.042 | 0.070 | 0.031 | 0.012 | |
Overall solution consistency | 0.880 | |||||||
Overall solution coverage | 0.717 |
Combination Path | Type of Organizational Management Deficit and Environmental Support Deficiency | Type of Organizational Management Imbalance and Technological Support Deficiency | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NH1a | NH1b | NH1c | NH2a | NH2b | ||
Technical conditions | IC | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | • |
IL | ⊗ | ⊗ | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | ||
Organizational conditions | ER | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | ● | ● |
IS | ⊗ | ⊗ | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | ||
Environmental conditions | DO | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | ⊗ | ⊗ |
EL | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | • | ||
Consistency | 0.890 | 0.904 | 0.893 | 0.907 | 0.943 | |
Raw coverage | 0.506 | 0.512 | 0.538 | 0.338 | 0.276 | |
Unique coverage | 0.031 | 0.042 | 0.067 | 0.024 | 0.021 | |
Overall solution consistency | 0.869 | |||||
Overall solution coverage | 0.704 |
Specific Path | Regional Divisions | Corresponding Provinces and Cities | |
---|---|---|---|
Multiple pathways for high GTFP | Type of organizational management | Eastern part | Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong, Liaoning |
Middle part | Shanxi, Hunan | ||
Western part | Sichuan, Chongqing | ||
Type of technical support | Eastern part | Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Tianjin, Fujian | |
Middle part | Anhui, Henan, Hubei | ||
Western part | none | ||
Multiple paths for non-high GTFP | Type of organizational management deficit and environmental support deficiency | Eastern part | Jilin |
Middle part | / | ||
Western part | Ningxia, Guangxi, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai | ||
Type of organizational management imbalance and technological support deficiency | Eastern part | / | |
Middle part | Anhui | ||
Western part | Shaanxi |
Combination Path | Type of Organizational Management | Type of Technical Support | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1a | H1b | H1c | H1d | H2a | H2b | H2c | ||
Technical conditions | IC | • | • | ⊗ | ● | ● | ● | |
IL | • | ⊗ | • | ● | ● | ● | ||
Organizational conditions | ER | ● | ● | ● | ● | • | • | |
IS | ● | ● | ● | ● | • | ⊗ | ⊗ | |
Environmental conditions | DO | • | • | ⊗ | ⊗ | • | • | ⊗ |
EL | • | • | ⊗ | ⊗ | • | ⊗ | • | |
Coherence | 0.879 | 0.872 | 0.985 | 0.977 | 0.885 | 0.919 | 0.937 | |
Original coverage | 0.453 | 0.445 | 0.267 | 0.295 | 0.493 | 0.339 | 0.353 | |
Unique coverage | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 0.042 | 0.070 | 0.031 | 0.012 | |
Consistency of the overall solution | 0.880 | |||||||
Overall solution coverage | 0.717 |
Combination Path | Type of Organizational Management Deficit and Environmental Support Deficiency | Type of Organizational Management Imbalance and Technological Support Deficiency | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NH1a | NH1b | NH1c | NH2a | NH2b | ||
Technical condition | IC | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | • |
IL | ⊗ | ⊗ | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | ||
Organizational conditions | ER | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | ● | ● |
IS | ⊗ | ⊗ | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | ||
Environmental conditions | DO | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | Ⓧ | ⊗ | ⊗ |
EL | ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | • | ||
Coherence | 0.890 | 0.904 | 0.893 | 0.907 | 0.943 | |
Original coverage | 0.506 | 0.512 | 0.538 | 0.338 | 0.276 | |
Unique coverage | 0.031 | 0.042 | 0.067 | 0.024 | 0.021 | |
Consistency of the overall solution | 0.869 | |||||
Overall solution coverage | 0.704 |
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Wang, S.; Gao, Y.; Zhou, H. Research on Green Total Factor Productivity Enhancement Path from the Configurational Perspective—Based on the TOE Theoretical Framework. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114082
Wang S, Gao Y, Zhou H. Research on Green Total Factor Productivity Enhancement Path from the Configurational Perspective—Based on the TOE Theoretical Framework. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):14082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114082
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shuying, Yifei Gao, and Hongchang Zhou. 2022. "Research on Green Total Factor Productivity Enhancement Path from the Configurational Perspective—Based on the TOE Theoretical Framework" Sustainability 14, no. 21: 14082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114082