Understanding and Exploring the Concept of Fear, in the Work Context and Its Role in Improving Safety Performance and Reducing Well-Being in a Steady Job Insecurity Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Economic Crisis, Job Insecurity, and Emotions in the Organization: Negative and Positive Effects
Emotions in Organizations: From Individual’s Response to Collective’s Response
1.2. Emotions and Fears in Organization: Research Hypotheses
1.2.1. Fear and Well-Being in Organizations
1.2.2. Fears, Risk, Accidents, and Information in Organizations: The Role of Affect-As-Information Theory
1.2.3. Fears, Performance, and Behaviors Related to Safety at Work
1.3. Study Aims and Summary Template
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Data Collection (Qualitative Phase: Managers/Technicians and Workers)
Worker and Manager/Technician Groups: Fear Identification
Workers (Additional Focus Group): Safety Behavior Identification
2.2.2. Data Collection Focus Group (Quantitative Phase)
- The relevance/importance of each labelled fear with respect to job insecurity and the extent to which they felt fearful, by assigning numerical scores on two 5-point Likert scales. On one scale, the scores ranged from 1 = not important to 5 = very important, which indicated the relevance/importance of the fear, and on the other, from 1 = low to 5 = high, which indicated the extent of fear perceived. For the present sample, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.86.
- The perceived probability of making mistakes on the job was measured with a single item. They rated this probability on a 100-point scale, ranging from no probability (=0) to highest probability (=100).
- The number of accidents and near misses that had occurred in the past 3 years were remembered or reported in the organizational accidents’ or near-misses’ book. These two variables were aggregated in a single variable, ‘accidents’. This variable comprises the total number of accidents and near misses indicated by each participant.
- Their general level of well-being (measured with a single items), which they rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from low (=1) to high (=5).
2.2.3. Socio-Demographic and Occupational Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Focus Group Analysis: Collection of Data on Fears
3.2. Focus Group Analysis: Safety Behaviors Collections
3.3. Descriptive Statistics
3.4. Hypothesis Tests
3.4.1. Test for Hypothesis 1
3.4.2. Test for Hypothesis 2
3.4.3. Test for Hypothesis 3
3.4.4. Test for Hypothesis 4
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of the Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Fears | Description |
---|---|---|
1. | Clarity of organizational goals | Fear of not understanding organizational goals. Goals are not clearly communicated by the company. |
2. | Company closure | Fear that the company will close because of them. They will lose the job and salary needed for their family. |
3. | Company goals not achieved | Fear that the company will not achieve the minimum goals required for survival and fear of market competition (even in association with too many fees at work). |
4. | Inability to help | Fear regarding inability to support the company to get through this negative situation (associated with little awareness of own ability and political responsibility). |
5. | Absence of information | Fear owing to lack of all correct information (associated with perceived quality and quantity of the information itself). Company lacks the ability to transfer information to its employees. |
6. | Inability to complete tasks | Fear of not completing tasks in time. People perceive pressure and hence speed up their actions but do not know the correct duration for task completion. |
7. | Lack of instruments to overcome the crisis | Fear of being unable to overcome an external crisis. |
8. | Inability to give more | Fear that they cannot give more because norms are an obstacle. |
9. | Negative evaluation | Fear of receiving a negative evaluation from the company rather than from co-workers. Company does not provide instruments to evaluate oneself. |
10. | Inability to find solutions | Fear of not finding an effective or a new solution to solve the situation and to take the risk. |
11. | Guilt | Fear of being judged guilty by the company for not having done everything they should have to help it (i.e., people feel guilty but are unable to produce useful results). Company communicates messages accusing workers. |
No. | Description |
---|---|
1. | Defining and sharing actions for work tasks |
2. | Informing in writing |
3. | Using work equipment properly |
4. | Identifying risks before commencing work |
5. | Affixing safety and risk signals |
6. | Facilitating the integration of new workers |
7. | Gratifying workers |
8. | Sharing methods related to work |
9. | Storing work equipment in the appropriate places |
10. | Defining roles |
Variable | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration of Employment | 17.26 | 10.8 | 1 | |||||
Fear | 3.16 | 0.746 | 0.058 | 1 | ||||
Safety Behaviors | 3.08 | 1.13 | −0.085 | −0.714 ** | 1 | |||
Accident | 3.99 | 1.01 | 0.088 | −146 * | −0.177 * | 1 | ||
Probability of Making Mistakes | 41.3 | 29.5 | 0.071 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.037 | 1 | |
Well-being | 3.24 | 1.52 | −0.063 | −0.840 ** | 0.867 ** | −0.207 ** | −0.093 | 1 |
Well-Being | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
Model 1 | β | t | p | β | t | p |
DE | −0.103 | −1.375 | 0.171 | −0.019 | −0.455 | 0.650 |
Model 2 | ||||||
+FEAR | −0.839 | −20.499 | <0.001 | |||
R2 | 0.011 | 0.707 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.005 | 0.703 | ||||
Omnibus test of regression | F(1, 178) = n.s. | F(2, 177) = 213.284 *** |
Probability of Making Mistakes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
Model 1 | β | t | p | β | t | p |
DE | 0.088 | 1.176 | 0.241 | −0.088 | 1.172 | 0.243 |
Model 2 | ||||||
+FEAR | −0.003 | −0.045 | 0.964 | |||
R2 | 0.008 | 0.008 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||||
Omnibus test of regression | F(1, 178) = n.s. | F(2, 177) = n.s. |
Accidents | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
Model 1 | β | t | p | β | t | p |
DE | 0.099 | 1.326 | 0.187 | 0.085 | 1.143 | 0.255 |
Model 2 | ||||||
+FEAR. | 0.138 | 1.852 | 0.066 | |||
R2 | 0.010 | 0.029 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.004 | 0.018 | ||||
Omnibus test of regression | F(1, 178) = n.s. | F(2, 177) = n.s. |
Safety Behaviors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
Model 1 | β | t | p | β | t | p |
DE | −0.139 | −1.875 | 0.062 | −0.068 | −1.299 | 196 |
Model 2 | ||||||
+FEAR | −0.708 | −13.477 | <0.001 | |||
R2 | 0.019 | 0.014 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.515 | 0.509 | ||||
Omnibus test of regression | F(1, 178) = n.s. | F(2, 177) = 93.946 *** |
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Bellini, D.; Cubico, S.; Ardolino, P.; Bonaiuto, M.; Mascia, M.L.; Barbieri, B. Understanding and Exploring the Concept of Fear, in the Work Context and Its Role in Improving Safety Performance and Reducing Well-Being in a Steady Job Insecurity Period. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14146. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114146
Bellini D, Cubico S, Ardolino P, Bonaiuto M, Mascia ML, Barbieri B. Understanding and Exploring the Concept of Fear, in the Work Context and Its Role in Improving Safety Performance and Reducing Well-Being in a Steady Job Insecurity Period. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):14146. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114146
Chicago/Turabian StyleBellini, Diego, Serena Cubico, Piermatteo Ardolino, Marino Bonaiuto, Maria Lidia Mascia, and Barbara Barbieri. 2022. "Understanding and Exploring the Concept of Fear, in the Work Context and Its Role in Improving Safety Performance and Reducing Well-Being in a Steady Job Insecurity Period" Sustainability 14, no. 21: 14146. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114146