The Electro-Fenton Process for Caffeine Removal from Water and Granular Activated Carbon Regeneration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Degradation of Caffeine in Water by Electro-Fenton
2.3. Adsorption of Caffeine on Granular Activated Carbon
2.4. Electro-Fenton Regeneration of GAC
2.5. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Effect of the Water Matrix and Cathode Material on Degradation and Mineralization
3.2. Adsorption of Caffeine on Granular Activated Carbon
3.3. Caffeine Removal from GAC and Mineralization of Organics during EF Regeneration
3.4. Regeneration Cycles
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GAC | Granular activated carbon |
AC | Activated carbon |
CF | Carbon felt |
PAC | Powder activated carbon |
eAOPs | Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes |
HO• | Hydroxyl radicals |
EF | Electro-Fenton |
BDD | Boron-doped diamond |
RE | Regeneration efficiency |
DW | Deionized water |
SWW | Simulated wastewater |
WWE | Wastewater effluent |
SS | Stainless steel |
RP-HPLC | Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography |
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DW-SS | DW-CF | WWE-SS | WWE-CF | SWW-SS | SWW-CF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degradation | K1 (min−1) | 6.7 × 10−3 | 7.8 × 10−3 | 10.1 × 10−3 | 13.6 × 10−3 | 7.1 × 10−3 | - |
R2 Removal % | 0.996 91 | 0.995 95 | 0.990 100 | 0.990 100 | 0.998 93 | - - | |
Mineralization | K0 (mg/L.min) | 1.7 × 10−3 | 1.9 × 10−3 | 2.0 × 10−3 | 1.9 × 10−3 | 1.9 × 10−3 | 1.7 × 10−3 |
R2 | 0.990 | 0.995 | 0.975 | 0.990 | 0.988 | 0.990 | |
Mineralization % | 64 | 70 | 72 | 76 | 71 | - |
Electrodes Process Matrix | Experimental Parameters | C0 | Removal % | Removal Rate | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDD anode/ CF cathode EF PW | Fe2+ = 0.2 mM; Na2SO4 = 0.05 M V = 0.2 L pH = 3; I = 300 mA | 0.1 mM | 93 | 2.48 × 10−9 M−1 S−1 | [24] |
BDD anode CF cathode EF Mixture of pharmaceuticals | Fe2+ = 0.2 mM; Na2SO4 = 0.05 M V = 0.2 L pH = 3; I = 400 mA | 0.1 mM | - | 1.47 × 10−10 M−1 S−1 * | [33] |
Langmuir | Freundlich | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
b (L/mg) | qmax (mg/g) | R2 | Kf | R2 | n |
14.667 | 227.273 | 0.991 | 0.378 | 0.385 | 1.694 |
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Gadi, N.; Boelee, N.C.; Dewil, R. The Electro-Fenton Process for Caffeine Removal from Water and Granular Activated Carbon Regeneration. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14313. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114313
Gadi N, Boelee NC, Dewil R. The Electro-Fenton Process for Caffeine Removal from Water and Granular Activated Carbon Regeneration. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):14313. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114313
Chicago/Turabian StyleGadi, Nadia, Nadine C. Boelee, and Raf Dewil. 2022. "The Electro-Fenton Process for Caffeine Removal from Water and Granular Activated Carbon Regeneration" Sustainability 14, no. 21: 14313. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114313