The Influence of the Transition to Ecological Farming on the Quality of Runoff Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- RQ1: Which qualitative parameters of water were affected after the transition to ecological farming in the catchment?
- RQ2: Which qualitative parameters were affected by other ongoing changes during the analyzed period?
- RQ3: How is the quantitative extent that the qualitative parameters of water have been affected by these changes?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Parameters Influenced by the Transition to Ecological Farming
3.2. Parameters Influenced by Other Potential Factors
3.3. Parameters without Changes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1992 |
Number of samples | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 4 | 1 |
Year | 1993 | 1994 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
Number of samples | 9 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 12 |
Year | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | ||
Number of samples | 2 | 11 | 5 | 1 |
Parameter | Average (mg·L−1, CFU·100 mL−1) | MK-Stat | s.e. | z-Stat | p-Value | Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before the transition to ecological farming | pH | 6.729 | −30 | 125.0253 | −0.232 | 0.817 | no |
phosphate | 0.076 | 400 | 129.430 | 3.083 | 0.002 | yes | |
sulphate | 12.750 | 113 | 123.054 | 0.910 | 0.363 | no | |
nitrates | 11.418 | 401 | 130.319 | 3.069 | 0.002 | yes | |
chlorides | 15.318 | 15 | 112.450 | 0.125 | 0.901 | no | |
iron | 0.062 | −226 | 129.980 | −1.731 | 0.083 | no | |
nitrite | 0.010 | 328 | 82.531 | 3.962 | 0.000 | yes | |
coliform | 92 | −61 | 86.393 | −0.695 | 0.487 | no | |
After the transition to ecological farming | pH | 7.328 | −39 | 148.964 | −0.255 | 0.799 | no |
phosphate | 0.083 | 223 | 134.792 | 1.647 | 0.100 | no | |
sulphate | 13.747 | −497 | 149.040 | −3.328 | 0.001 | yes | |
nitrates | 3.862 | 329 | 149.040 | 2.201 | 0.028 | yes | |
chlorides | 2.416 | −342 | 148.829 | −2.291 | 0.022 | yes | |
iron | 0.220 | −344 | 148.912 | −2.303 | 0.021 | yes | |
nitrite | 0.016 | 627 | 148.816 | 4.207 | 0.000 | yes | |
coliform | 837 | 845 | 148.949 | 5.666 | 0.000 | yes |
Parameter | p Value |
---|---|
pH | 0.000 |
phosphate | 0.516 |
sulphate | 0.205 |
nitrates | 0.000 |
chlorides | 0.000 |
iron | 0.000 |
nitrite | 0.001 |
coliform | 0.000 |
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Trenčiansky, M.; Štěrbová, M.; Výbošťok, J. The Influence of the Transition to Ecological Farming on the Quality of Runoff Water. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15412. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215412
Trenčiansky M, Štěrbová M, Výbošťok J. The Influence of the Transition to Ecological Farming on the Quality of Runoff Water. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):15412. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215412
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrenčiansky, Marek, Martina Štěrbová, and Jozef Výbošťok. 2022. "The Influence of the Transition to Ecological Farming on the Quality of Runoff Water" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 15412. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215412