Impact of a Thermal Barrier Coating in Low Heat Rejection Environment Area of a Diesel Engine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The system was designed to improve the diesel engine with certain modified parameters such as Thermal Barrier Coating on the piston crown and valve surface based on a thorough literature review;
- The conventional diesel engine was aimed renewed to an LHR engine by applying 0.5 mm thickness of 3Al2O3-2SiO2 (as TBC) onto the piston crown and valves;
- In addition, an alternative fuel was used to reduce emissions with a low heat rejection system;
- Mahua oil was selected for investigation with TBC due to more O2 content present in Mahua oil.
2. Low Heat Rejection Engine
Selection of TBC Material for IC Engines
- Chemical inertness;
- Good adherence capability with a metallic substrate;
- Higher melting point of a material;
- Lower thermal conductivity of a material;
- At room temperature, no phase changes take place;
3. Transesterification Process
4. Fuel Properties
5. Experimental Setup Description
5.1. Engine Test
5.2. AVL 444 Gas Analyzer
- Ensure that the power supply meets the manufacturer’s specifications and that the electrical earthing is correct;
- Ensure that all of the accessories specified by the manufacturer are present and functional;
- Validate the span and zero calibration with suitable CO and HC sample gases;
- Examine the electrical calibration;
- Ensure that the sampling system is leak-free;
- The printer is operational, and the printout details are correct;
- Using this analyzer, check one vehicle for idling emission measurement.
5.3. Specification of AVL Smoke Meter and its Operating Conditions
- Warm-up time:20 min (max.) at 220 V Supply;
- Operating temperature:0–50 °C;
- Relative humidity:90% at 50 °C relative humidity (non condensing).
5.4. Percentage Uncertainties of Calculated Parameters
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Performance and Emission Parameters
6.1.1. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
6.1.2. Brake Thermal Efficiency
6.1.3. Exhaust Gas Temperature
6.1.4. Smoke Density
6.1.5. CO Emissions
6.1.6. HC Emissions
6.1.7. NOx Emissions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Properties | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mullite (3Al2O3-2SiO2) | Melting Point | Poisson’s Ratio | Thermal Conductivity () | Young’s Modulus (E) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (α) |
2123 K | 0.25 | 3.3 W/mk (1400 K) | 127 GPa (293 K) | 5.3 × 10−6 (293–1273 K) |
Properties | Diesel | MME | Test-Method | Instruments Used |
---|---|---|---|---|
Density(15 °C), kg/m3 | 835 | 872 | EN ISO 3675/EN ISO 12185 | Hydrometer |
Specific gravity | 0.850 | 0.916 | ASTM D792 | Hydrometer |
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, mm2/s | 2.4 | 4.0 | EN ISO 3104/EN 14105 | Redwood Viscometer |
Calorific value (KJ/kg) | 42,930 | 39,400 | ASTM D240 | Bomb Calorimeter |
FlashPoint °C | 70 | 127 | EN ISO 2719/EN ISO 3679 | Pensky-Martens |
FirePoint °C | 76 | 136 | EN ISO 2719/EN ISO 3679 | Pensky-Martens |
Cloud point °C | −10 to −15 | 6 | ASTM D2500 | Cloud Point |
Pour point °C | −35 to −15 | 1 | ASTM D97 | Pour Point |
Colour | Light brown | Dark yellow | NM | Based on eye visibility |
Cetane number | 51 | 46 | EN ISO 5165 | [38] |
Aniline point °C | 69 | 63 | EN 14111 | [38] |
Iodine value | NM | 60 | ASTM D1959-97 | [38] |
Diesel index | 150 | 145 | NM | [38] |
Name of the Specifications | Values |
---|---|
Name of Engine | Kirloskar |
Stroke | 4 |
Type of cooling | Water Cooled |
Loading Type | Eddy Current Dynamometer |
BHP | 5 |
Stroke length | 110 mm |
Bore | 80 mm |
No. of Cylinder | 1 |
Compression Ratio | 16.5:1 |
Speed | 1500 rpm |
Fuel Injection Pressure | 200 bar |
Rated output | 3.68 kw (5.0 hp) |
Connecting Rod Length | 230.0 mm |
Exhaust Valve Open | 20° BBDC [39] |
Exhaust Valve Closes | 20° ATDC [39] |
Inlet Valve Open | 20°BTDC [39] |
Inlet Valve Close | 25° ATDC [39] |
Injection Advance | 27° BTDC |
S. No. | Measured Parameter | Specification |
---|---|---|
1 | Oxygen | 0–22% vol. |
2 | Carbon monoxide | 0–10% vol. |
3 | Carbon dioxide | 0–20% vol. |
4 | Hydro carbon | 0–20,000 ppm |
5 | Nitrogen oxide | 0–5000 ppm |
6 | Engine speed | 400–6000 rpm |
7 | Oil temperature | 30–125 °C |
8 | Lambda | 0 to 9.999 |
S. No. | Measured Parameter | Specification |
---|---|---|
1 | Oxygen | <2% vol.: ±0.1% vol. >2% vol.: ±1% vol. |
2 | Carbon monoxide | <0.6% vol.: ±0.03% vol. >0.6% vol.: ±5% vol. |
3 | Carbon dioxide | <10% vol.: ±0.5% vol. >10% vol.: ±5% vol. |
4 | Hydro carbon | <200 ppm: ±10 ppm >200 ppm ±5% of ind. value |
5 | Nitrogen oxide | <5000 ppm: ±50 ppm |
6 | Engine speed | ±1% of ind. value |
7 | Oil temperature | ±4 °C |
Type | Values/Model |
---|---|
Make and Model | AVL 437C Smoke meter |
Sampling type | Partial flow |
Light source | Halogen Lamp, 12 V/5 W |
Range | 0–100% opacity, 0–99.99 m−1 absorption |
RPM | 400–6000 in |
Parameters | Percentage Uncertainties |
---|---|
Brake power | ±0.5 |
Brake specific fuel consumption | ±1.5 |
Brake thermal efficiency | ±1.0 |
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Share and Cite
Vijay Kumar, M.; Srinivas Reddy, T.; Rami Reddy, C.; Rami Reddy, S.V.; Alsharef, M.; Alharbi, Y.; Alamri, B. Impact of a Thermal Barrier Coating in Low Heat Rejection Environment Area of a Diesel Engine. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15801. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315801
Vijay Kumar M, Srinivas Reddy T, Rami Reddy C, Rami Reddy SV, Alsharef M, Alharbi Y, Alamri B. Impact of a Thermal Barrier Coating in Low Heat Rejection Environment Area of a Diesel Engine. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15801. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315801
Chicago/Turabian StyleVijay Kumar, Megavath, Thumu Srinivas Reddy, Ch. Rami Reddy, S. Venkata Rami Reddy, Mohammad Alsharef, Yasser Alharbi, and Basem Alamri. 2022. "Impact of a Thermal Barrier Coating in Low Heat Rejection Environment Area of a Diesel Engine" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15801. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315801