A Study on the Spatial Structure of the Bu-Ul-Gyeong Megacity Using the City Network Paradigm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. City Networks and Spatial Structure
2.2. Urban Regions
2.3. Analysis of Primary and Secondary Centers
3. Research Design
3.1. Research Area
3.2. Data Sources
3.3. Research Method
3.3.1. Social Network Analysis and Investigating Primary and Secondary Centers
3.3.2. Community Detection
3.4. Structure of Research
4. Results
4.1. External Flow of SGP
4.1.1. In/Outflow Pattern
4.1.2. Network Analysis
4.2. Internal Flow of SGP
4.2.1. In/Outflow Pattern
4.2.2. Network Analysis
4.3. Inconsistency of Central Cities in In/External Networks of SGP
4.4. Examining Secondary Centers of Communities in SGP
4.4.1. Community Detection
4.4.2. Secondary Centers of Four Communities
5. Discussion
5.1. Measures to Enhance Bidirectional Urban Networks
5.2. Enhancing Vertical and Horizontal Transportation Networks across Primary and Secondary Centers
5.3. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Origin | Destination | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | SGP | Busan | Ulsan | |
1 | Yangsan | city (si) | 15.38 | 4.78 |
2 | Gimhae | city (si) | 11.57 | 0.59 |
3 | Miryang | city (si) | 4.90 | 0.97 |
4 | Geoje | city (si) | 4.05 | 0.39 |
5 | Changwon | city (si) | 3.94 | 0.32 |
6 | Uiryeong | county (gun) | 2.65 | 0.3 |
7 | Haman | county (gun) | 2.59 | 0.31 |
8 | Changnyeong | county (gun) | 2.40 | 0.28 |
9 | Namhae | county (gun) | 2.39 | 0.18 |
10 | Goseong | county (gun) | 2.33 | 0.33 |
11 | Tongyeong | city (si) | 2.02 | 0.2 |
12 | Hadong | county (gun) | 1.90 | 0.2 |
13 | Sancheong | county (gun) | 1.66 | 0.18 |
14 | Hapcheon | county (gun) | 1.62 | 0.2 |
15 | Sacheon | city (si) | 1.55 | 0.22 |
16 | Hamyang | county (gun) | 1.37 | 0.15 |
17 | Jinju | city (si) | 1.32 | 0.18 |
18 | Geochang | county (gun) | 0.92 | 0.19 |
Origin | Destination | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yangsan | Gimhae | Changwon | Geoje | Miryang | Jinju | Tongyeong | Haman | Sacheon | |
City (si) | City (si) | City (si) | City (si) | City (si) | City (si) | City (si) | County (gun) | City (si) | |
Busan | 221.87 | 216.52 | 131.74 | 42.91 | 34.96 | 21.22 | 18.28 | 11.57 | 10.84 |
Ulsan | 57.10 | 16.15 | 21.33 | 8.58 | 11.75 | 6.07 | 5.43 | 2.30 | 3.04 |
Origin | Destination | ||||||||
Namhae | Changnyeong | Goseong | Hadong | Sancheong | Hapcheon | Uiryeong | Hamyang | Geochang | |
County (gun) | County (gun) | County (gun) | County (gun) | County (gun) | County (gun) | County (gun) | County (gun) | County (gun) | |
Busan | 10.40 | 10.04 | 8.83 | 8.35 | 6.67 | 5.87 | 5.66 | 4.05 | 3.80 |
Ulsan | 2.59 | 2.18 | 2.23 | 2.12 | 1.85 | 1.81 | 0.84 | 1.25 | 1.50 |
No | City/County | EC | City/County | FBC |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Busan | 0.696 | Busan | 1393.92 |
2 | Yangsan | 0.464 | Ulsan | 235.70 |
3 | Gimhae | 0.439 | Yangsan | 76.32 |
4 | Changwon | 0.271 | Gimhae | 37.66 |
5 | Ulsan | 0.120 | Miryang | 25.42 |
6 | Geoje | 0.089 | Geoje | 18.93 |
7 | Miryang | 0.074 | Changwon | 13.74 |
8 | Jinju | 0.045 | Haman | 11.37 |
9 | Tongyeong | 0.038 | Goseong | 11.23 |
… | … | … | ||
18 | Uiryeong | 0.012 | Hamyang | 6.05 |
19 | Hamyang | 0.009 | Uiryeong | 5.46 |
20 | Geochang | 0.008 | Geochang | 5.01 |
Concentric map 1 |
OD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | - | 365 | 5 | 10 | 69 | 8 | 3 | 223 | 3 | 33 | 29 | 71 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 40 | 16 |
2 | 46 | - | 5 | 30 | 205 | 42 | 8 | 165 | 5 | 8 | 48 | 33 | 9 | 18 | 9 | 24 | 24 | 17 |
3 | 9 | 45 | - | 6 | 17 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 189 | 112 | 53 | 4 | 5 | 14 | 26 | 9 | 3 | 7 |
4 | 4 | 96 | 3 | - | 36 | 41 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 42 | 5 | 7 | 17 | 8 | 152 | 2 | 16 |
5 | 20 | 509 | 3 | 25 | - | 13 | 7 | 24 | 4 | 6 | 26 | 69 | 7 | 12 | 6 | 15 | 7 | 65 |
6 | 7 | 365 | 4 | 81 | 48 | - | 11 | 20 | 9 | 4 | 195 | 5 | 15 | 268 | 11 | 358 | 6 | 13 |
7 | 3 | 75 | 4 | 13 | 25 | 14 | - | 11 | 8 | 4 | 379 | 3 | 102 | 121 | 49 | 11 | 5 | 11 |
8 | 181 | 1532 | 6 | 20 | 91 | 29 | 9 | - | 6 | 13 | 83 | 16 | 10 | 24 | 10 | 24 | 124 | 17 |
9 | 3 | 50 | 306 | 8 | 20 | 7 | 8 | 7 | - | 14 | 181 | 3 | 5 | 20 | 143 | 11 | 6 | 11 |
10 | 46 | 78 | 97 | 9 | 23 | 7 | 4 | 16 | 8 | - | 139 | 5 | 4 | 15 | 33 | 8 | 53 | 12 |
11 | 6 | 118 | 17 | 23 | 30 | 63 | 95 | 36 | 38 | 44 | - | 6 | 47 | 371 | 157 | 35 | 32 | 9 |
12 | 64 | 211 | 3 | 9 | 176 | 4 | 3 | 14 | 2 | 4 | 18 | - | 4 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 45 |
13 | 4 | 95 | 2 | 11 | 32 | 15 | 96 | 13 | 3 | 4 | 168 | 6 | - | 230 | 10 | 23 | 2 | 15 |
14 | 5 | 97 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 209 | 64 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 595 | 3 | 129 | - | 30 | 44 | 6 | 9 |
15 | 3 | 91 | 36 | 15 | 26 | 13 | 49 | 17 | 157 | 32 | 651 | 3 | 11 | 52 | - | 14 | 23 | 12 |
16 | 3 | 120 | 3 | 511 | 26 | 243 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 72 | 7 | 11 | 41 | 9 | - | 2 | 10 |
17 | 77 | 461 | 5 | 12 | 49 | 10 | 6 | 349 | 5 | 81 | 172 | 8 | 8 | 21 | 22 | 11 | - | 22 |
18 | 5 | 58 | 2 | 14 | 117 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 25 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 2 | - |
No | City/County | EC | City/County | FBC |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Changwon | 0.622 | Jinju | 21,839 |
2 | Haman | 0.541 | Changwon | 21,647 |
3 | Uiryeong | 0.263 | Tongyeong | 14,591 |
4 | Jinju | 0.216 | Sacheon | 13,678 |
5 | Gimhae | 0.213 | Goseong | 13,615 |
6 | Changnyeong | 0.192 | Haman | 12,012 |
7 | Goseong | 0.185 | Sancheong | 11,073 |
8 | Sacheon | 0.146 | Gimhae | 11,006 |
9 | Sancheong | 0.118 | Hamyang | 10,409 |
… | … | … | ||
18 | Geochang | 0.040 | Yangsan | 3921 |
19 | Miryang | 0.096 | Hapcheon | 9485 |
20 | Hadong | 0.085 | Changnyeong | 9011 |
Concentric map 1 |
Community | No | City/County | EC | FBC | Central Cities | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The First | The Second | |||||
1 | 1 | Changwon | 0.661 | 3178 | ∨ | |
2 | Haman | 0.609 | 2724 | ∨ | ||
3 | Changnyeong | 0.218 | 2023 | |||
4 | Gimhae | 0.229 | 1999 | |||
5 | Miryang | 0.108 | 1478 | |||
6 | Uiryeong | 0.282 | 961 | |||
7 | Yangsan | 0.046 | 691 | |||
2 | 1 | Jinju | 0.661 | 2220 | ∨ | |
2 | Sacheon | 0.466 | 1149 | ∨ | ||
3 | Hadong | 0.322 | 1043 | |||
4 | Namhae | 0.234 | 829 | |||
5 | Sancheong | 0.433 | 439 | |||
3 | 1 | Tongyeong | 0.685 | 0.685 | ∨ | |
2 | Geoje | 0.581 | 0.581 | |||
3 | Goseong | 0.440 | 0.440 | |||
4 | 1 | Geochang | 0.702 | 209 | ∨ | |
2 | Hamyang | 0.661 | 22 | |||
3 | Hapcheon | 0.265 | 22 |
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Baek, Y.; Joo, H. A Study on the Spatial Structure of the Bu-Ul-Gyeong Megacity Using the City Network Paradigm. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315845
Baek Y, Joo H. A Study on the Spatial Structure of the Bu-Ul-Gyeong Megacity Using the City Network Paradigm. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315845
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaek, Yoonjee, and Heesun Joo. 2022. "A Study on the Spatial Structure of the Bu-Ul-Gyeong Megacity Using the City Network Paradigm" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315845