Spatial Structure Evolution and Economic Benefits of Rapidly Expanding the High-Speed Rail Network in Developing Regions: A Case Study in Western China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology and Data
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Spatial Econometric Methods
3.2.2. Social Network Analysis
- Weight degree centrality
- Closeness centrality
- Betweeness centrality
- External and internal connectivity
- Transfer potential of economic gap
3.3. Data Description
4. Result
4.1. Spatial and Temporal Evolution of HSR Network in Western China
4.2. Structural Characteristics of the HSR Network in Western China
4.3. Economic Effect of the HSR Network Structure
5. Conclusions
6. Discussion and Suggestion
6.1. Discussion
6.2. Suggestion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Variable | Definition | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | GDP | Gross Domestic Product | The level of economic development |
Control variables | LA | Persons employed in city units at year-end | Labor force size |
IFA | Fixed asset investment | The amount of capital accumulation | |
RD | R&D expenditure | Inputs of science, technology, and innovative knowledge | |
Mechanism variable | WDC | Weighted degree centrality | Connectivity |
CC | Closeness centrality | Convenience of transit | |
BC | Betweeness centrality | Transshipment capacity | |
IC | Internal Connectivity | Connectivity structure between HSR cities in the intra-western region | |
EC | External Connectivity | Connectivity structure between western HSR cities and non-western HSR cities | |
TP | Transfer Potential of economic gap | The potential for cities to change economic gaps through high-speed rail links |
Spatial Autocorrelation Test | LM-Error Test | LM-Lag Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moran’s I | Lagrange Multiplier | Robust Lagrange Multiplier | Lagrange Multiplier | Robust Lagrange Multiplier | |
WDC | 8.222 *** | 62.956 *** | 19.501 *** | 63.246 *** | 19.791 *** |
CC | 8.374 *** | 65.201 *** | 20.531 *** | 65.667 *** | 20.997 *** |
BC | 9.526 *** | 85.550 *** | 33.161 *** | 73.437 *** | 21.047 *** |
IC | 8.725 *** | 71.385 *** | 23.561 *** | 68.475 *** | 20.651 *** |
EC | 8.564 *** | 68.423 *** | 21.792 *** | 69.203 *** | 22.572 *** |
TP | 7.695 *** | 55.014 *** | 28.043 *** | 39.037 *** | 12.066 *** |
LR Test | Wald Test | Fixed and Random Effects Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LR_ spatial_lag | LR_ spatial_error | Wald_ spatial_lag | Wald_ spatial_error | Hausman | |
WDC | 3.18 | 9.14 * | 5.81 | 6.40 | 70.29 *** |
CC | 2.98 | 13.30 *** | 3.29 | 7.74 | 52.67 *** |
BC | 3.18 | 7.94 * | 2.69 | 3.59 | 34.44 *** |
IC | 4.08 | 12.53 *** | 4.01 | 4.23 | 11.24 ** |
EC | 8.43 ** | 16.51 *** | 8.73 * | 8.35 * | 60.44 *** |
TP | 26.28 *** | 24.81 *** | 34.26 *** | 25.68 *** | 62.46 *** |
Variable | WDC | CC | BC | IC | EC | TP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | SAR | SAR | SAR | SAR | SDM | SDM |
City fe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time fe | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Main | 0.043 *** | 0.082 *** | 0.126 *** | 0.096 *** | 0.154 *** | −0.240 *** |
Wx | – | – | – | – | −0.073 *** | 0.101 *** |
Direct Effect | 0.043 *** | 0.084 *** | 0.127 *** | 0.097 *** | 0.157 *** | −0.236 *** |
Indirect Effect | −0.005 * | −0.017 *** | −0.016 * | −0.016 *** | −0.083 *** | 0.086 *** |
Total Effect | 0.039 *** | 0.066 *** | 0.111 *** | 0.081 *** | 0.074 *** | −0.151 *** |
R-sq | 0.8419 | 0.825 | 0.8419 | 0.825 | 0.830 | 0.888 |
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Yang, B.; Yang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Yue, X. Spatial Structure Evolution and Economic Benefits of Rapidly Expanding the High-Speed Rail Network in Developing Regions: A Case Study in Western China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15914. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315914
Yang B, Yang Y, Liu Y, Yue X. Spatial Structure Evolution and Economic Benefits of Rapidly Expanding the High-Speed Rail Network in Developing Regions: A Case Study in Western China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(23):15914. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315914
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Bo, Yaping Yang, Yangxiaoyue Liu, and Xiafang Yue. 2022. "Spatial Structure Evolution and Economic Benefits of Rapidly Expanding the High-Speed Rail Network in Developing Regions: A Case Study in Western China" Sustainability 14, no. 23: 15914. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315914