Exploring Farmers’ Insight on Cropping Pattern for Sustainable Crop Production in Char Area of Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socioeconomic Sketch of the Trial Farmers
3.2. Frequency of Natural Disaster and Its Impact on Production in Char Area
3.3. Problem Associated with Crop Production in Char Area
3.4. Sustainable Farming Practiced by Farmers in the Char Areas
3.5. Location-Specific Findings on the Cropping Patterns
3.6. Major Cropping Pattern, Diseases and Pest in the Study Area
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Cropping Pattern | Different Administrative Unit of Gaibanda | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
GaibandhaSadar | Fulchor | Shaghata | Sundarganj | |
% Acreage | ||||
T. aman-Maize-Jute | 67 | 36 | 21 | 38 |
Fallow-Chili (Red)- Jute | - | 29 | 21 | - |
T aman-Mustard-Boro | - | 9 | - | - |
T. aman-Fallow-Boro | 11 | 5 | - | 14 |
Fallow-Groundnut-Fallow | 9 | 5 | 4 | - |
Fallow-Maize -Jute | - | 4 | 28 | - |
T. aman-Wheat- Jute | - | - | 16 | 21 |
Fallow-Ground Nut-Sesame | - | - | - | 9 |
T. aman-Potato- Jute | - | - | - | 7 |
Fallow-Boro-Fallow | - | - | - | 5 |
T. aman-Maize-Fallow | - | - | - | 3 |
Fallow-Onion-Kaun | - | - | 4 | - |
Fallow-Ground nut –Cheena | - | 3 | - | - |
Fallow-Ground nut –Kaun | 3 | - | - | |
Fallow-Onion-Fallow | - | 2 | - | 3 |
T. aman-Boro Jute | 7 | - | - | - |
Cropping Pattern | Different Administrative Unit of Kurigram | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KurigramSadar | Chilmari | Nageswari | Bhurungamari | Ulipur | |
% Acreage | |||||
T. aman-Maize Jute | 19 | 14 | 4 | 6 | 18 |
T. aman-Wheat- Jute | - | 19 | 18 | 40 | 6 |
Fallow-Boro-Fallow | - | 11 | |||
Blackgram-Boro-Fallow | - | - | 12 | ||
Fallow-Ground Nut-Fallow | 16 | 7 | 4 | ||
Fallow-Blackgram-Boro | 16 | - | |||
T. aman-Onion-Millet | 7 | - | |||
T. aman-Boro-Jute | 6 | - | |||
T. aman-Blackgram- Jute | 5 | - | 4 | 2 | |
T. aman-Groundnut-Jute | - | 1 | |||
T. aman-Vegetables-Jute | - | 1 | |||
T. aman-Blackgram- Boro | - | 4 | |||
T. aman-Fallow-Jute | 4 | - | 2 | ||
T. aman- Fallow-Boro | 4 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 16 |
T. aman-Onion-Jute | - | 9 | 6 | ||
T. aman-Onion-Groundnut | - | 5 | |||
T. aman-Potato-Groundnut | - | 8 | |||
T aman-Mustard-Boro | 2 | 3 | 26 | 20 | |
T aman-Vegetables | 2 | - | - | - | - |
Fallow-Groundnut -Millet | 2 | - | - | - | - |
Fallow-Pulse/Blackgram-Fallow | 2 | - | - | - | - |
Fallow-Mustard-Jute | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Fallow-Maize-Jute | - | 2 | - | - | |
Fallow-Maize-Fallow | - | - | - | 3 | |
Fallow-Onion-Veg (China) | - | 2 | - | - | - |
T aman-Maize- Fallow | 1 | - | 2 | 3 | - |
T aman-Mustard-Jute | - | - | - | 2 | - |
T aman-Brinjal-Jute | - | - | - | - | 4 |
T amam-Khesari-Jute | - | 2 | - | - | - |
T aman-Maize- Sesbania | - | 2 | - | - | - |
Blackgram-Fallow-Jute | 1 | 6 | 4 | - | - |
Blackgram-Wheat-Jute | - | 1 | - | - |
Cropping Pattern | Different Administrative Unit of Gaibanda | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pirgacha | Gongachora | Hatibandha | Kaunia | |
% Acreage | ||||
T. aman-Potato-Groundnut | 46 | 13 | 12 | 30 |
T. aman-Maize-Fallow | 23 | 40 | 55 | 5 |
T. aman-Maize-Groundnut | - | 15 | ||
T. aman-Maize-Jute | - | - | - | 4 |
T amam-Tobacco-Maize | - | 13 | - | - |
Fallow-Potato-Jute | 18 | - | - | - |
T aman-Sweet gourd-Fallow | - | 12 | - | - |
Fallow-Tobacco-Jute | - | 5 | - | - |
T. amam-Potato-Jute | - | 5 | - | - |
T. amam-Potato-Fallow | - | - | - | 6 |
T. amam-Wheat-Jute | - | - | 3 | 18 |
T aman-G. Chili-Maize | - | - | - | 10 |
T aman-G. Chili-Groundnut | - | - | - | 8 |
T aman-G. Chili-Fallow | - | - | - | 12 |
Fallow-Tobacco-Fallow | - | 3 | - | - |
T aman-Onion-Jute | - | 3 | - | 1 |
T aman-Potato-Maize | - | 2 | - | - |
T aman-Tobacco-Jute | - | 2 | - | - |
T aman-Chili-Fallow | - | 1 | 4 | - |
Fallow-Onion-Fallow | - | 1 | - | - |
Fallow-Onion-Jute | 5 | - | - | 1 |
T aman-Potato-Brinjal | 4 | - | - | - |
T. aman- Green chili-Jute | 4 | - | 10 | - |
Cropping Pattern | Different Administrative Unit of Lalmonirhat | ||
---|---|---|---|
LalmonirhatSadar | Aditmari | Kaliganj | |
% Acreage | |||
T. aman-Maize-Fallow | 38 | 30 | 70 |
T aman-Potato-Groundnut | 13 | 30 | 12 |
T aman-Tobacco-Jute | 11 | 30 | 13 |
Taro corms-Potato | - | - | 5 |
T aman-Potato-Potato | 10 | - | - |
T. aman-Maize- Boro | 4 | - | - |
T aman-Onion-Jute | 4 | - | - |
Fallow-Potato-Boro | 3 | - | - |
T aman-Tobacco-Maize | 3 | - | - |
T aman-Tobacco-Groundnut | 3 | - | - |
T. aman- Maize- Jute | 3 | - | - |
Sugarcane----- | 2 | - | - |
T aman-Potato-Maize | 1 | - | - |
T aman-Potato-Jute | 1 | - | - |
T aman-Maize-Groundnut | 1 | - | - |
T aman-Green Chili-Jute | 1 | - | - |
Fallow-Onion-Fallow | 1 | 10 | - |
References
- Sarker, M.H.; Haque, I.; Alam, M.; Koudstaal, R. Rivers, chars and char dwellers of Bangladesh. Int. J. River Basin Manag. 2003, 1, 61–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, K.G.; Syvitski, J.P.M.; Overeem, I.; Higgins, S.; Gilligan, J.M. Farming practices and anthropogenic deltadynamics. In Deltas: Landforms, Ecosystems and Human Activities, Proceedings of the HP1, IAHS-IAPSO-IAPEI, Assembly, Gothenberg, Sweeden, 23 July 2013; IAHS Press: Wallingford, UK, 2013; pp. 133–142. [Google Scholar]
- Rahman, S. Six decades of agricultural land use change in Bangladesh: Effects on crop diversity, productivity, food availability and the environment, 1948–2006. Singap. J. Trop. Geogr. 2010, 31, 245–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ashley, S.; Kat, K.; Hossain, A.; Nandi, S. The Chars Livelihood Assistance Scoping Study Final Report; DFID: Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2000; pp. 1–49. [Google Scholar]
- Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI). Land and Soil Resource Utilization Guide (Upazila Nirdeshika, in Bengali); Soil Resource Develop Institute (SRDI): Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2012; pp. 1–274. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmed, A.U.; Ahmad, K.; Chou, V.; Hernandez, R.; Menon, P.; Naeem, F.; Naher, F.; Quabili, W.; Sraboni, E.; Yu, B. The Status of Food Security in the Feed the Future Zone and Other Regions of Bangladesh: Results from the 2011–2012 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey. International Food Policy Research Institute Bangladesh Policy Research and Strategy Support Program for Food Security and Agricultural Development. 2013. USAID Grant Number:EEM-G-00-04-00013-00. Available online: http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15738co112/id/127518/rec/2 (accessed on 18 October 2021).
- Karim, M.A. Upscaling Mungbean—Rice Pattern in the Charlands of Kurigram. In Pilot Project Final Report; Krishi Gobeshona Foundation—World Bank; Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Complex: Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2014; pp. 1–47. [Google Scholar]
- Sarker, U.K.; Monira, S.; Uddin, M.R. On-farm Evaluation and System Productivity of Wheat-Jute-T. aman Rice Cropping Pattern in Char Area of Bangladesh. Agric. Sci. 2020, 2, 39–46. [Google Scholar]
- Hoque, M.Z.; Haque, M.E. Farming practices in selected charland of Bangladesh: Problems and opportunities. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. 2011, 15, 136–146. [Google Scholar]
- Karim, M.A.; Quayyum, M.A.; Samsuzzaman, S.; Higuchi, H.; Nawata, E. Challenges and Opportunities in Crop Production in Different Types of Char Lands of Bangladesh: Diversity in Crops and Cropping. Trop. Agric. Dev. 2017, 61, 77–93. [Google Scholar]
- Sarker, M.I. Causes and possible solutions of seasonal foodinsecurity (Monga) perceived by char dwellers in Bangladesh. Int. J. Ecol. Dev. Res. 2016, 1, 002–009. [Google Scholar]
- Shahiduzzaman, M.; Rahman, M.Z.; Hoque, M.J.; Arefin, M.S. Food security condition of landless people in a char area of Rangpur district. Prog. Agric. 2013, 24, 281–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Islam, M.S.; Sultana, S.; Saifunnahar, M.; Miah, M.A. Adaptation of char livelihood in flood and river erosion areas through indigenous practice: A study on Bhuapur riverine area in Tangail. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour. 2014, 7, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saifullah, N.M. Char Dwellers’ Adaptation to Climate Change. Master’s Thesis, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Hasan, N.M.; Hossain, M.S.; Islam, M.R.; Bari, M.A. Trend in Availability of Agricultural Land in Bangladesh; National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Program (NFPCSP): Dhaka, Bangladesh; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2013; pp. 1–72. [Google Scholar]
- Karim, M.A.; Haque, M.M.; Hamid, A. Concern, Opportunity and Strategic Research in Crop Sector under Climate Change Context in Bangladesh. In Rising Atmospheric CO2 and Crop Response. A Compendium of Published Works at BSMRAU; Bangabandhu SMR Agricultural University: Gazipur, Bangladesh, 2014; pp. 1–64. [Google Scholar]
- Mahmudul, H.A.Z.; Ishida, A.; Taniguchi, K. The Role of Farmers’ Education on Income in Bangladesh. 2003, pp. 29–35. Available online: https://www.lib.shimane-u.ac.jp/ (accessed on 11 August 2021).
- Asadullah, M.N.; Rahman, S. Farm Productivity and Efficiency in Rural Bangladesh: The Role of Education Revisited; The Centre for the Study of African Economic Working Paper Series, CSAE WPS/2005-10; Taylor & Francis: Oxfordshire, UK, 2005; pp. 1–35. [Google Scholar]
- Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS). Riverine Chars in Bangladesh: Environmental Dynamics and Management Issues; The University Press Limited: Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2000; pp. 1–88.
- Center for Resources Development (CRD). Report of the Baseline Survey of Agricultural Conditions in Kurigram District; CRD Report; CRD: Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2008; pp. 1–263. [Google Scholar]
- Benson, C.; Clay, E.J. The Impact of Drought on Sub-Saharan African Economies: A Preliminary Examination; World Bank Technical Paper; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmed, Z.; Guha, G.S.; Shew, A.M.; Alam, G.M.M. Climate change risk perceptions and agricultural adaptation strategies in vulnerable riverine charislands of Bangladesh. Land Use Policy 2021, 103, 105295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yadav, S.; Mondal, M.K.; Shew, A. Community water management to intensify agricultural productivity in the polders of the coastal zone of Bangladesh. Paddy Water Environ. 2020, 18, 331–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaman, M.A.U.; Pramanik, S.; Parvin, N.; Khatun, A. Crop Diversification in Rangpur Region. Bangladesh Rice J. 2017, 21, 255–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamid, A.; Ullah, M.J.; Mollah, M.F.H.; Akbar, M.A. Traditional rice varieties perform better in tidal floodplain. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2015, 3, 1316–1321. [Google Scholar]
Chars of the Main Rivers | Districts | Adminstrative Unit | Area (ha) |
---|---|---|---|
The Brahmaputra, the Jamuna, and the Tista | Gaibandha | Fulchori, Shaghata, Sundorgonj | 27,000 |
The Tista | Rangpur | Gangachara, Kaunia, Pirgachha | 9400 |
The Brahmaputra, the Jamuna, and the Tista, the Dharala, the Dudhkumar | Kurigram | Rawmari, Chilmari, Rajibpur, Nageshwari, Rajarhat, Ulipur, Bhurungamari, Sadar, Phulbari | 30,000 |
The Tista | Lalmonirhat | Sadar, Hatibandha, Aditmari, Kaligonj | 11,000 |
Location | Participants | Gender (%) | Average Age | Education (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Illiterate | Can Sign Only | Primary | Class X | SSC | HSC | Higher Education | |||
Fulchori | 50 | 88.45 | 11.55 | 51.80 | 23.90 | 36.89 | 21.80 | 9.56 | 4.12 | 3.35 | 0.38 |
Shaghata | 50 | 92.20 | 7.80 | 54.50 | 27.70 | 31.05 | 20.90 | 10.00 | 5.45 | 4.20 | 0.70 |
Sundorgonj | 50 | 85.30 | 14.70 | 50.50 | 25.50 | 30.60 | 18.80 | 13.60 | 5.50 | 4.50 | 1.50 |
Gangachara | 50 | 89.50 | 10.50 | 55.80 | 22.30 | 27.70 | 24.60 | 10.00 | 7.90 | 6.50 | 1.00 |
Kaunia | 50 | 90.00 | 10.00 | 49.70 | 23.33 | 33.43 | 22.67 | 8.87 | 6.80 | 4.00 | 0.90 |
Pirgachha | 50 | 80.76 | 19.24 | 57.63 | 24.47 | 31.51 | 25.00 | 7.98 | 6.43 | 3.85 | 0.76 |
Rawmari | 50 | 89.87 | 10.13 | 55.20 | 20.78 | 37.80 | 22.68 | 8.00 | 5.67 | 4.30 | 0.77 |
Chilmari | 50 | 80.45 | 19.55 | 55.70 | 23.44 | 40.80 | 19.90 | 7.50 | 4.60 | 3.20 | 0.56 |
Rajibpur | 50 | 84.78 | 15.22 | 57.80 | 24.76 | 34.54 | 22.17 | 8.60 | 5.43 | 4.00 | 0.50 |
Nageshwari | 50 | 90.65 | 9.35 | 52.90 | 26.90 | 34.76 | 24.30 | 6.25 | 4.11 | 3.13 | 0.55 |
Rajarhat | 50 | 88.22 | 11.78 | 54.66 | 20.67 | 30.90 | 27.89 | 10.65 | 5.42 | 4.12 | 0.35 |
Ulipur | 50 | 84.55 | 15.45 | 50.80 | 25.12 | 32.80 | 25.19 | 7.37 | 5.34 | 3.78 | 0.40 |
Bhurungamari | 50 | 93.23 | 6.77 | 58.09 | 27.87 | 33.55 | 23.45 | 6.78 | 4.90 | 3.04 | 0.41 |
Kurigram Sadar. | 50 | 90.12 | 9.88 | 53.90 | 22.00 | 35.57 | 25.12 | 8.98 | 4.65 | 3.00 | 0.68 |
Phulbari | 50 | 87.55 | 12.45 | 55.00 | 19.78 | 37.90 | 26.44 | 6.45 | 5.23 | 3.90 | 0.30 |
Lalmonirhat Sadar | 50 | 94.22 | 5.78 | 52.98 | 22.43 | 34.47 | 25.14 | 7.12 | 6.34 | 4.10 | 0.40 |
Hatibandha | 50 | 86.78 | 13.22 | 55.68 | 20.90 | 36.80 | 26.50 | 6.60 | 5.11 | 3.59 | 0.50 |
Aditmari | 50 | 88.56 | 11.44 | 53.90 | 23.00 | 38.80 | 24.40 | 6.12 | 4.66 | 2.80 | 0.22 |
Kaligonj | 50 | 85.00 | 15.00 | 56.80 | 25.44 | 33.90 | 23.06 | 7.35 | 6.24 | 3.66 | 0.35 |
Natural Hazard | Effect on Crop Production | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | Cumulative Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Cumulative Percentage | ||
Do not know | 11 | 1.16 | 1.16 | Neutral | 5 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
Yes | 886 | 93.26 | 94.42 | Agree | 442 | 46.53 | 47.06 |
No | 53 | 5.58 | 100 | Strongly agree | 503 | 52.94 | 100 |
Total | 950 | 100 | Total | 950 | 100 |
Core Problems | Connecting Problems | Source of Information |
---|---|---|
Delay in technology dissemination | Farmers were not well aware of high yielding crops and techniques appropriate for char area. | Model farmer of Hatibandha |
Farmers were not conscious of current farming practices and post-harvest supervision of crops. | Agriculture Extension Officer (AEO) of Gangachara | |
Unavailability of quality seed in time | Farmers did not have enough information on crop production and conservation of quality seeds by their own capacity. | Model farmer of Aditmari |
Proper storage ability was not accessible in the char. | Upazila Agriculture Officer (UAO) of Sundorgonj | |
Defilement of seeds was found when collected from the local market. | Sub Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) of Shaghata | |
Fertilizers and manures are not gladly available | Local dealers are the main supplier of fertilizers and manures who sometimes cheat with farmers. | Sub Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) of Ulipur |
Not enough storage capability for storing the fertilizer for a significant time. | Additional Agriculture Officer (AAO) of Sundorgonj | |
Occasionally ruination of fertilizer was observed. | Scientist, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rangpur | |
Farmers do not use micronutrients like Zn, B, Ca, and Mg for growing crops due to lack of awareness. | Local Dealer of Kaunia | |
Deficit in sufficient irrigation ability | There was no electricity supply in remote char area, and diesel cost is higher for running irrigation pump. | Sub Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) of Fulchori |
Insufficient quantity of irrigation pumps contrasted to the demand. | Upazila Agriculture Officer (UAO) of Ulipur | |
Minimum water holding capacity in sandy soil, thus numerous irrigations were required. | Model farmer of Kaligonj | |
Short in eminence pesticides | Farmers collect pesticides from dealers in the local market and far away from char lands. | Sub Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) of Hatibandha |
Farmers have no knowledge on typical pesticides and their dosages. | Local Dealer of Aditmari | |
Service contributors were not accessible when required. | Model farmer of Phulbari | |
Some farmers were disinclined to purchase pesticides due to corruption. | Model farmer of Kaligonj | |
Problems of preservation facility | Deficiency of appropriate storage space and post-harvest processing of locally produced product. | Local farmer of Lalmonirhat Sadar |
Farmers sold their goods just after harvesting at inferior price because of lack of storage ability. | Local farmer of Ulipur | |
Constraints in marketing of product | Poor communication and transportation between chars and wholesale market. | Sub Assistant Agriculture Officer (SAAO) of Kaligonj |
Farmers were not getting a good value of their product due to lack of market facility. | District Marketing Officer of Rangpur | |
Unavailability of credit | Inadequate loan support from credit organization. | Local farmer of Rajibpur |
Sustainable Farming Methods or Practices | Used Practice by Farmers |
---|---|
Renewable power resource e.g., utilization of solar panels, hydropower from wind using water of the river as hydroelectric power | Farmers have no knowledge or even scope on the use of alternate energy sources such as solar panels, although a few large farmers use this. They never use running river water as hydroelectric power. Some large farmers use solar panel systems as a source of electricity in their household supply. |
Integrated pest management cultural control mechanical control chemical control biological control Supporting agent: Extension Agent Visit, Farmers Field School, IPM Club | Farmers cultivate crops and vegetables, and they usually utilize chemical control. They use chemicals based on their knowledge and sometimes based on the experience of local dealers. Some model farmers are involved with farmers’ field schools and IPM clubs and trained about the basic concept of IPM. |
Crop rotation nutrient steadiness reasonable soil health shallow-rooted crop cultivation after deep-rooted crop exhaustive crop followed by restorative crop | The char people are not well aware of crop rotation. They grow crops sporadically based on their own needs and market demand. Small farm holding is a major problem for practicing crop rotation. |
Soil poverty zero tillage minimum tillage strip tillage maintaining nutrients 0–15 cm depth of soil | Farmers use power tiller or plough for cultivating land that enhances soil degradation. Farmers rarely practice minimum tillage to grow groundnut, cucumber, etc. Sometimes soil erosion is beyond control due to strong wind blow. |
Crop multiplicity terrestrial diversity freshwater assortment | The cropping patterns are mainly rice-based. Pulse crops are neglected in char areas. Oilseed crops and vegetables are cultivated to meet famers’ needs and local demand. |
Natural pest control bats, birds, insects, etc. as natural pest eliminators rearing honeybee and ladybird beetle | Famers’ practice piercing system mainly in rice field monitored by Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE). Ladybugs, beetles, green lacewing larvae, and fly parasites naturally feed on pests, including aphids, mites, and pest flies. |
Managed grazing continuous grazing rotational grazing | There are some grazing lands in the char area. An intermittent shift of the grazing lands for cattle is maintained. Moving livestock offers them a variety of grazing pastures. They receive a range of nutrients which is good for them. The excreta of these animals serve as a natural fertilizer for the land. |
Output Market producer customer communication | The marketing system of char area for agricultural products is not developed. The small traders sometimes collect the farmers’ products directly from their fields. Sometimes farmers sell their products in the local market. The sale of the production in the local market saves transportation and packaging hassles, although price is comparatively lower and eliminates the need for storage space. |
Waste management composting disposal recycling | The char farmers are practicing this in their own homestead. This is normally transformed into fertilizers that can help enrich the soil. |
Water management Rainwater harvesting Watershed management | Farmers of the char area mainly use river water or shallow pump for their irrigation purpose. They have no idea about water storage during monsoon and use of this during drought conditions. |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sarker, U.K.; Kaysar, M.S.; Uddin, M.R.; Hossain, M.A.; Hassan, S.; Hassan, M.M. Exploring Farmers’ Insight on Cropping Pattern for Sustainable Crop Production in Char Area of Bangladesh. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031745
Sarker UK, Kaysar MS, Uddin MR, Hossain MA, Hassan S, Hassan MM. Exploring Farmers’ Insight on Cropping Pattern for Sustainable Crop Production in Char Area of Bangladesh. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031745
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarker, Uttam Kumer, Md. Salahuddin Kaysar, Md. Romij Uddin, Md. Alamgir Hossain, Sabry Hassan, and Mohamed M. Hassan. 2022. "Exploring Farmers’ Insight on Cropping Pattern for Sustainable Crop Production in Char Area of Bangladesh" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031745