Control of Early-Age Cracking in Super-Long Mass Concrete Structures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Project Background
2.1. Materials
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. General Arrangement
2.3.1. Pipe Cooling Method
2.3.2. Induced Joint Method
2.3.3. Alternate Bay Method
- The construction length and construction interval time of the structure were calculated according to the site working conditions. The construction interval time was 7 days, and the construction length at one time was 18 m;
- The temperature of the concrete entering the formwork was controlled within 30 °C;
- A 15 mm thick piece of Styrofoam was attached between the primary lining and the other lining to allow volume expansion of the concrete;
- To eliminate defects from fast heat conduction in the steel formwork, the formwork was removed 3 days after the concrete was poured, maintenance was performed in time, and the maintenance system was adjusted according to the measured data.
2.3.4. Summary
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pipe Cooling Method
3.2. Induced Joint Method
3.3. Alternate Bay Construction Method
3.4. Relationship between Temperature and Strain
3.5. Analysis of Different Control Methods
4. Conclusions
- The vertical pipe cooling method with water cooling in the pouring period was applied, which reduced the heat of hydration in the concrete structure. The temperature of the sidewall structure reached its peak value in 24 h and reached the ambient temperature in 120 h. The pipe cooling method reduced the hydration heat by approximately 13 °C and effectively reduced the internal temperature strain of the structure. The time variation law of wall strain and the temperature was synchronous. The vertical pipe cooling method reduces the hydration heat of materials and is more suitable for early-age cracking structures that are only sensitive to temperature changes.
- An I-beam was inserted into the structure to create a sudden change in stiffness, and this induced joint method reduced the internal restraint strain of the structure. The maximum temperature and strain peak in the structure appeared in the web, the strain in the middle of the structure grew slowly, and the changes in strain over time lagged behind the changes in temperature. The induced joint method releases the restraint strain and is more suitable for early-age cracking structures that are only sensitive to constraints.
- The alternate bay construction method is a comprehensive measure to control the early-age cracking of concrete structures. By reasonably setting the construction length and the construction interval time, the alternate bay construction method reduces structural constraints, optimises the maintenance system, delays the development process of structural temperature and strain, and reduces the internal tensile strain of the structure. The peak values of the temperature and strain of the structure appeared in the middle of the wall, and the change in strain over time lagged behind the change in temperature. The alternate bay construction method, which comprehensively considers the influence of both temperature and restraint, is the most effective measure.
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 52.27 | 25.54 | 8.13 | 5.59 | 1.85 | 2.27 |
Fly ash | 2.98 | 78.61 | 15.14 | 3.80 | 0.56 | 0.55 |
Fineness of the 80 μm Screen Margin (%) | Specific Surface Area (m2/kg) | Standard Consistency (%) | Loss on Ignition (%) | Time of Initial Setting (min) | Time of Final Setting (min) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 d | 28 d | ||||||
1.726 | 345 | 25 | 1.75 | 161 | 218 | 27.4 | 50.4 |
Code Grade | Concrete Composition (kg/m3) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | Cement | Fly Ash | Ground Slag | Sand | Gravel | Water Reducer | 3 d | 28 d | 56 d | |
C45 | 151.2 | 294 | 94.5 | 31.5 | 713.2 | 1115.5 | 5.7% | 47.2 | 60.0 | 63.7 |
Approaches | Measures |
---|---|
Pipe cooling method | A vertical cooling pipe is used to remove the heat from the interior of the mass concrete through cooling pipes of circulating water embedded in the concrete. |
Induced joint method | I-beam is inserted into the structure to create a sudden change in stiffness, which causes cracks around the web of the I-beam to release stresses. |
Alternate bay method | This systematic method includes a series of procedures, such as concrete mix proportion design, a reduction in the boundary constraints, setting of the construction length, and development of a maintenance system. |
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Wang, C.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, M.; Chen, F. Control of Early-Age Cracking in Super-Long Mass Concrete Structures. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073809
Wang C, Chen Y, Zhou M, Chen F. Control of Early-Age Cracking in Super-Long Mass Concrete Structures. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):3809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073809
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Chenfei, Yuehui Chen, Meili Zhou, and Fangjian Chen. 2022. "Control of Early-Age Cracking in Super-Long Mass Concrete Structures" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 3809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073809