Towards Environmental Sustainability in China: Role of Globalization and Hydroelectricity Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. GDP and CO2 Interrelationship
2.2. CO2 and Globalization
2.3. CO2 and Hydroelectricity Consumption
2.4. CO2 and Urbanization
3. Data and Methodology
3.1. Data
3.2. Methodology
4. Findings and Discussion
5. Conclusions and Policy Direction
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Probability | CO2 | GLO | GDP | HYD | URB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 | 1.0000 | ||||
GLO | 0.9029 * | 1.0000 | |||
GDP | 0.9765 * | 0.9536 * | 1.0000 | ||
HYD | −0.4717 * | −0.6700 * | −0.4983 * | 1.0000 | |
URB | 0.9623 * | 0.9729 * | 0.9962 * | −0.5429 * | 1.0000 |
CO2 | URB | GLO | GDP | HYD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M2 | 21.847 * | 28.171 * | 19.632 * | 28.511 * | 11.690 * |
M3 | 22.161 * | 29.279 * | 20.642 * | 29.295 * | 11.283 * |
M4 | 22.640 * | 31.053 * | 21.921 * | 30.732 * | 10.355 * |
M5 | 23.734 * | 33.997 * | 23.806 * | 33.264 * | 10.088 * |
M6 | 25.299 * | 38.152 * | 26.654 * | 37.106 * | 10.387 * |
I(0) | I(1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | t-Stat | BY | t-Statistic | BY |
CO2 | −3.3681 | 1996 | −5.701 * | 2003 |
URB. | −1.7521 | 2004 | −6.024 * | 2002 |
GDP | −4.2174 | 2009 | −5.295 ** | 2005 |
GLO | −3.2616 | 2004 | −6.178 ** | 2008 |
HYD | −4.0322 | 2012 | −5.835 * | 2012 |
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Özbay, R.D.; Athari, S.A.; Saliba, C.; Kirikkaleli, D. Towards Environmental Sustainability in China: Role of Globalization and Hydroelectricity Consumption. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074182
Özbay RD, Athari SA, Saliba C, Kirikkaleli D. Towards Environmental Sustainability in China: Role of Globalization and Hydroelectricity Consumption. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074182
Chicago/Turabian StyleÖzbay, Rahmi Deniz, Seyed Alireza Athari, Chafic Saliba, and Dervis Kirikkaleli. 2022. "Towards Environmental Sustainability in China: Role of Globalization and Hydroelectricity Consumption" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 4182. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074182