Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Soil and Its Sustainable Management
3. Soil and Mushrooms: A Vital Relationship
4. Mushrooms for Soil Improvement
4.1. Controlling Soil Erosion
4.2. Improving Soil Aggregates
4.3. Increasing Soil Organic Matter Content
4.4. Enhancing Bioavailability of Soil Nutrients
4.5. Resorting of Damaged and Polluted Soils
5. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms
6. Soil Nanomanagement and Mushrooms
7. Soil Nanoremediation and Mushrooms
Bio-Source | Applied Material | Pollutant | Mechanism or Main Findings | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
I. In presence of nanomaterials | ||||
Lentinula edodes | Biochar nano Fe3O4 (LBC) | Cr(VI) (200 mg L−1) | Max. removing rate of Cr(VI) by LBC-Fe3O4 was 99.44% in aqueous media | [198] |
Lentinula edodes Agrocybe cylindracea | Nano Fe3O4 at 2, 4, 6–22, 24 g L−1 | Cr(VI) at 200 mg L−1 | Removing Cr(VI) up to 73.88 at 240 min, 40 °C, pH 3 from 200 mg L−1 liquid by combined adsorption and redox | [199] |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Desm.) Meyen | Pd-NPs (32 nm) | Azo dye direct blue 71 | Pd-NPs degraded 98% of direct blue 71 dye photochemically within 60 min under UV light in an aqueous medium | [200] |
Tricholoma crissum Sacc. | CuO-NPs | Thorium (Th4+) | An indicator for detecting Th4+ in aqueous medium | [201] |
II. In absent of nanomaterials | ||||
Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus eryngii | Fresh SMS at rate of 4:1 (soil: SMS) | PAHs (2.63 mg kg−1) in soil | Effective remediating due to activity of laccase and manganese peroxidase in the treatment of fresh P. eryngii SMS | [81] |
Agaricus bisporus Pleurotus eryngii | Soil amended by 5% SMS (w/w) | Total Cd in soil 72.87 mg kg−1 | Applied SMS of both mushrooms improved rice production by 38.8%; decreased Cd in soil by about 99% | [100] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Soil amended by dried SMS (3–12 g kg−1) | Soil Co was 8.53 mg kg−1 | Maximum pakchoi biomass recorded at applied SMS up to 9.51 g kg−1 and Co phytoavailability in soil was minimum | [111] |
Mushroom residues | Soil amended by 10% of residues | Pb/Zn slag: 3.1 and 4.6 g kg−1, res. | Mushroom residue enhances phyto-remediation of Paulownia fortunei in Pb-Zn slag; alleviates their toxicity to plants | [117] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Mine polluted soil mixed with the spawn of P. ostreatus | Cr and Mn: 1.5 and 8.8 g kg−1, res. | Studied mushroom is a bio-accumulator of toxic metals (Cr, Mn, Ni, Co) from polluted soil, but not recommended to harvest/eat mushroom from polluted soil | [202] |
Auricularia auricular and Sarcomyxa edulis | SMS mixed with polluted soil | PAH-polluted soil | Humic acid and SMS enhanced bioremediation by bacteria through laccase activity via biodegradation | [195] |
Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia polytricha | SMS (25 g) put into the mold | Formaldehyde free bio-board | The produced bio-board material from SMS of G. lucidum recorded the highest strength (2.51 mPa); high resistance to both fire and water | [203] |
Discarded sticks of mushrooms | MnO2-modifed biochar | Antimony, Sb 100 mg L−1 in aqueous solution | MnO2-modified biochar produced from discarded sticks of mushrooms was excellent adsorbent; adsorption capacity 64.12 mg g−1 | [204] |
8. General Discussion
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Goal (SDG) | The Expected Role of Soil | The Goal (SDG) | The Expected Role of Soil |
---|---|---|---|
SDG 1 | Indirect role of soil, which may can support reducing the poverty if this soil well be perfect used (*) | SDG 9 | Direct and indirect role of soil in the industry. Soil has direct role for the infrastructure and fostering innovation is needed (*) |
SDG 2 | Indirect and/or direct role of soil, which is the main source for our foods. Healthy soil provides us with healthy food to reduce malnutrition (*) | SDG 10 | Without caring for soil and its conservation, the income of several populations will be not able to grow faster, especially for farmers |
SDG 3 | Indirect and/or direct role of soil, the nutritional status of which is the main control for our health, including the positive and negative sides (*) | SDG 11 | Indirect role of soil for sustaining life in rural and urban areas. Soil or land is a guarantee for affordable and safe housing (*) |
SDG 4 | Indirect role of soil, which needs more interest and to be added to inclusive, equitable quality education | SDG 12 | Soil has direct and indirect impacts on the environment by the self-management of the global wastes and their recycling in an eco-friendly way (*) |
SDG 5 | For soil and its handling, everyone should respect and conserve soils. Soils does not differ between man and woman, and all can support it | SDG 13 | Soil has an indirect impact on climate and its changes by regulating emissions from soil and promoting renewable energy (*) |
SDG 6 | Direct and indirect role of soil in providing clean water. Clean water is needed for protecting people from diseases (*) | SDG 14 | Indirect role of soil/land for conserving and sustainably using the seas, oceans, and different marine resources |
SDG 7 | Indirect role for soil for saving energy. By 2030, more renewable, affordable energy sources are needed (*) | SDG 15 | For a prosperous world, soil and/or land need to stop any kind of degradation and must preserve ecosystems of forests, deserts, and mountains (*) |
SDG 8 | Indirect role of soil for highly sustainable economic growth. There is no successful economy without sustaining and conserving soil | SDG 16 | Indirect impacts of soil/land on societies and their institutions. Soil/land may control the peace and justice for all people |
Item | Champignon | Oyster Mushrooms | Shiitake Mushrooms |
---|---|---|---|
Kingdom | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi |
Phylum | Basidiomycota | Basidiomycota | Basidiomycota |
Class | Agaricomycetes | Agaricomycetes | Agaricomycetes |
Order | Agaricales | Agaricales | Agaricales |
Family | Agaricaceae | Pleurotaceae | Omphalotaceae |
Genus | Agaricus (200 species) | Pleurotus (202 species) | Lentinula (9 species) |
Example | Agaricus Linnaeus L. | Pleurotus ostreatus L. | Lentinula edodes L. |
| | | |
Agaricus campestris | Pleurotus ostreatus | Lentinula edodes | |
Some common mushroom species of the family | |||
Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck 1905 | Pleurotus calyptratus Sacc. 1887 | Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (1976) | |
Agaricus amicosus Kerrigan 1989 | P. citrinopileatus Singer 1942 | Lentinula edodes (Beck.) Sing. (1941) | |
Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. 1774 | P. cornucopiae (Paulet) Rolland 1910 | Lentinula aciculospora J.L. Mata & R.H. Petersen (2000) | |
Agaricus augustus Fr. 1838 | P. columbinus Quél. 1881 | Lentinula boryana (Berk. & Mont.) Pegler (1976) | |
A. bitorquis (Quél.) Sacc. 1887 | P. cystidiosus O.K. Mill. 1969 (edible) | Lentinula guarapiensis (Speg.) Pegler (1983) | |
A. bisporus (Lange) Imbach 1946 | P. dryinus (Pers.) P.Kumm. 1871 | Lentinula lateritia (Berk.) Pegler (1983) | |
Agaricus blazei Murrill 1945 | P. djamor (Rumph. ex Fr.) Boedijn 1959 | Lentinula raphanica (Murrill) Mata & R.H. Petersen (2001) | |
Agaricus campestris L. 1753 | P. eryngii (DC.) Quél. 1872 | Lentinula reticeps (Mont.) Murrill (1915) | |
A. columellatus (Long) R. Chapm., V.S. Evenson, and S.T. Bates 2016 | P. opuntiae (Durieu and Lév.) Sacc. 1887 | Lentinula novae-zelandiae (G.Stev.) Pegler (1983) | |
A. cupreobrunneus (Jul. Schäff. and Steer) Pilát 1951 | P. pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél. 1872 | ||
Agaricus sylvaticus Schaeff. 1774 | Pleurotus radicosus Pat. 1917 |
Cultivated Plant or Used Mushroom for SMS | Soil Properties or Used Substrate | Main Purpose of the Application | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
I. Applied SMS under cultivated soils | |||
Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) | Silty loam, pH (5.58), SOM (1.2 g kg−1), and Cd (72.87 mg kg−1) | SMS of both P. eryngii and A. bisporus decreased soil content of Cd by 99% and increased rice yield by 38.8% | [100] |
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdarifa L.) | Loamy sand, pH (7.98), SOM (0.25%) | Applied SMS to improve plant growth, soil fertility, and its quality as a biofertilizer | [101] |
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) | Silty, pH (6.12), TOC (11.1 g kg−1) | SMS enhanced soil microbial diversity and the activity of enzymes for long-term cultivated cucumber in greenhouse | [102] |
Barely (Hordeum vulgare L.) | Clayey, pH (5.40), initial soil 60 kg N ha−1 and fertilized up to 200 kg N ha−1 | Applied SMS (50%) caused a strong shift in soil-rhizosphere microbiota due to release enzymes as root exudates, depending on the kind of applied organic fertilizers | [103] |
Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo ssp.) | Sandy loam, pH (8.0), N (6.0 mg kg−1) | Applied SMS as organic fertilizer is promising under organic farming | [104] |
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) | Modified paddy straw as substrate | Paddy straw based-silica rich SMS of P. ostreatus is effective for plant disease and nutrient management | [105] |
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) | Composted SMS, vermiculite, coir, and perlite at (3:1:1:1) | Microbial agents can inhibit potentially pathogenic microbes of plants and increase the efficient utilization of SMS | [106] |
Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) | Soil (dystro-ferric red latosol) | Co-cultivation at the same bucket tomato and A. bisporus reduced by 60 days and continuous producing mushroom prolonged by 120 days | [107] |
II. Applied SMS under non-cultivated soils | |||
SMS provided by Xiangfang edible fungi factory, Harbin, China | Sandy, pH (6.83), SOM (38.64 g kg−1) | SMS was compared to biochar and lime on reducing Cd-bioavailability by 66.47% and increased soil enzyme activities | [108] |
Organic amendment (SMS and its biochar) | Soil pH (6.83), SOM (38.64 g kg−1), ava. N (115.7 mg kg−1) | Applied amendment alleviated Cd and N damage on soil, by increasing microbial biomass and enzyme activities in the soil | [109] |
SMS-derived biochar | Soil pH (4.62), TOC and TN (57.2 and 3.9 g kg−1, resp.) | Spent mushroom substrate derived biochar was pyrolyzed at 450 °C can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions | [110] |
Applied SMS, bacteria of Paracoccus sp., and humic acid | PAHs in soil was 1.97 mg kg−1, soil pH (6.71) | Bio-degradation of PAHs by humic acid and SMS via soil laccase activity as bioremediation | [111] |
Mushroom Species | Nanoparticle Kind and Its Size (nm) | Bioactivity or the Reaction | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Agaricus bisporus | Ag-NPs (80–100) | Antibacterial activities | [153] |
Amanita muscaria | Ag-NPs (5–25) | Anticancer activity | [153] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Ag-NPs (35) | Antioxidant properties | [154] |
Pleurotus giganteus | Ag-NPs (5–25) | Antimicrobial activity | [155] |
Ganoderma applanatum | Ag-NPs (20–5) | Antioxidant; Antibacterial | [156] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Ag-NPs (15–22) | Antimicrobial activity | [148] |
Pleurotus giganteus | Ag-NPs (2–20) | Antibacterial activity | [155] |
Lentinus tuber-regium | Ag-NPs (5–35) | Antimicrobial activity | [157] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Ag-NPs (15–45) | Antimicrobial activity | [158] |
Pichia pastoris | Ag-NPs (6.63) | Antioxidant and antimicrobial | [159] |
Inonotus hispidus | Ag-NPs (69.24) | Antibacterial and antifungal | [150] |
Ramaria botrytis | Ag@AuNPs (200) | Antioxidant and antibacterial | [149] |
Flammulina velutipes | Ag-NPs (22) | Antibacterial activities | [160] |
Boletus edulis Coriolus versicolor | Ag-NPs (87.7) Ag-NPs (86.0) | Anticancer of breast, colon; liver, and antimicrobial | [137] |
Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus djamor | Ag-NPs (28.44) Ag-NPs (55.76) | Antioxidant activities and antimicrobial agent | [152] |
Agaricus arvensis | Ag-NPs (20) | Anticancer, Antimicrobial | [138] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Ag-NPs (50) | Antibacterial activities | [140] |
Agaricus bisporus | Ag-NPs (50.44) | Antibacterial activity | [139] |
Pleurotus sajor-caju | Au-NPs (16–18) | Cancer cell inhibition | [135] |
Ganoderma applanatum | Au-NPs (18.7) | Dye decolorization | [161] |
Lentinula edodes | Au-NPs (5–15) | Anticancer activity | [162] |
Ganoderma lucidium | Au-NPs (5–15) | Anticancer activity | [162] |
Agaricus bisporus | Cu-NPs (10) | Antibactericidal activity | [143] |
Pleurotus tuber-regium | Se-NPs (50) | Anticancer activity | [163] |
Pleurotus djamor | TiO2-NPs (31) | Antilarval properties | [142] |
Pleurotuss ostreatu | ZnS-NPs (2–5) | Biomedical; food packaging | [164] |
Agaricus bisporus | Zn-NPs (12–17) | Antirenal cancer | [165] |
Candida albicans | ZnO-NPs (10.2) | Antimicrobial activities | [145] |
Pleurotus floridanus | ZnO-NPs (34.98) | Biomedical applications | [144] |
Pleurotus djamor | ZnO-NPs (38.73) | Antibacterial and anticancer | [166] |
Agarius bisporus | ZnO-NPs (20) | Antibacterial activity | [167] |
Mushroom Species | Potential Materials | The Main Application/Main Findings | Refs. |
Agaricus bisporus | Nanoencapsulation of rutin in β-glucan matrix | Encapsulation by green technology for nutraceutical activities | [147] |
Lentinula edodes | Chitin/cellulose nanofiber | Growth promotion and disease resistance | [170] |
Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus | Chitin nanopaper derived from mushroom | Extraction of chitin from the mushrooms to produce nanopaper | [171] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Chitin–glucan complex | Producing eco-friendly polymers | [172] |
Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus | Biocompatible fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials | Producing live cells by fluorescent carbon quantum dot derived from mushrooms | [173] |
Lentinus edodes | Nanoemulsion | Nanoemulsion derived from mushroom polysaccharide for the antitumor activity | [174] |
Agaricus bisporus | Chitin nanopaper derived from mushroom | Production of chitin nanopaper from an extract of mushrooms | [175] |
Agaricus bisporus | Fraction of chitin/glucan | Producing glycosidases (e.g., chitinases), which immobilize on nanoparticles and spray for biocontrol of insect pests | [176] |
Lactarius volemus | Modified chitosan with nano-Fe3O4 nanoparticles | Purification of phytase enzymes and their potential in cereal industries | [177] |
Lentinus edodes | Cellulose nanofibers | The highest yield of the film was produced using 0.18 g NaClO per 1.0 g of waste mushroom bed (71% cellulose) | [178] |
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Elsakhawy, T.; Omara, A.E.-D.; Abowaly, M.; El-Ramady, H.; Badgar, K.; Llanaj, X.; Törős, G.; Hajdú, P.; Prokisch, J. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074328
Elsakhawy T, Omara AE-D, Abowaly M, El-Ramady H, Badgar K, Llanaj X, Törős G, Hajdú P, Prokisch J. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management. Sustainability. 2022; 14(7):4328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074328
Chicago/Turabian StyleElsakhawy, Tamer, Alaa El-Dein Omara, Mohamed Abowaly, Hassan El-Ramady, Khandsuren Badgar, Xhensila Llanaj, Gréta Törős, Peter Hajdú, and József Prokisch. 2022. "Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management" Sustainability 14, no. 7: 4328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074328