Production of CO2 Hydrates in Aqueous Mixtures Having (NH4)2SO4 at Different Concentrations; Definition of Consequences on the Process Evolution, Quantification of CO2 Captured and Validation of Hydrates Production as Technique for Ammonium Removal from Waste Water

Gambelli, Alberto Maria; Rushani, Xhino; Pezzolla, Daniela; Rossi, Federico; Gigliotti, Giovanni

doi:10.3390/su15129841

Open AccessArticle

Production of CO₂ Hydrates in Aqueous Mixtures Having (NH₄)₂SO₄ at Different Concentrations; Definition of Consequences on the Process Evolution, Quantification of CO₂ Captured and Validation of Hydrates Production as Technique for Ammonium Removal from Waste Water

by

Alberto Maria Gambelli

^1,*

,

Xhino Rushani

²,

Daniela Pezzolla

¹

,

Federico Rossi

²

and

Giovanni Gigliotti

¹

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy

²

Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9841; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129841

Submission received: 16 May 2023 / Revised: 6 June 2023 / Accepted: 19 June 2023 / Published: 20 June 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Aspects and Biotechnology Applications in Wastewater and Pollutants Treatment)

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Abstract

Carbon dioxide hydrates were formed in fresh water and in aqueous mixtures containing ammonium sulfate, at concentrations equal to 1.9, 6.3, and 9.5 wt%. The moles of hydrates formed were compared, to define the inhibiting strength of the electrolyte solution and the dependence of inhibition from concentration. The addition of salt strongly inhibited the process and the number of hydrates produced passed from 0.204–0.256 moles, obtained in fresh water, to 0.108–0.198 moles, obtained at the lowest concentration tested. The further addition of salt still lowered the production of the hydrates; at the highest concentration tested, only 0.092–0.177 moles were obtained. The pressure-temperature evolutions of the hydrates were then discussed and compared with the ideal process and with the experimental results obtained in demineralised water. Finally, further samples of CO₂ hydrates, produced in the presence of 9.5 wt% salt in the aqueous phase (corresponding to 1.5 wt% NH₄⁺), were recovered and dissociated in a separated environment. The liquid phase, resulting from their dissociation, was subjected to spectrophotometric analyses. Its NH₄⁺ content was measured and compared with the initial concentration in water. Therefore, it was possible to quantify the capability of the system to remove the (NH₄)₂SO₄ from the water (involved in hydrate formation) and to concentrate it in the remaining liquid phase. Considering the portion of water involved in hydrates formation, the concentration of ammonium passed from 1.5 wt% to 0.38–0.449 wt%.

Keywords: gas hydrates; CO₂ capture; ammonium ion removal; waste water treatment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gambelli, A.M.; Rushani, X.; Pezzolla, D.; Rossi, F.; Gigliotti, G. Production of CO₂ Hydrates in Aqueous Mixtures Having (NH₄)₂SO₄ at Different Concentrations; Definition of Consequences on the Process Evolution, Quantification of CO₂ Captured and Validation of Hydrates Production as Technique for Ammonium Removal from Waste Water. Sustainability 2023, 15, 9841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129841

AMA Style

Gambelli AM, Rushani X, Pezzolla D, Rossi F, Gigliotti G. Production of CO₂ Hydrates in Aqueous Mixtures Having (NH₄)₂SO₄ at Different Concentrations; Definition of Consequences on the Process Evolution, Quantification of CO₂ Captured and Validation of Hydrates Production as Technique for Ammonium Removal from Waste Water. Sustainability. 2023; 15(12):9841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129841

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gambelli, Alberto Maria, Xhino Rushani, Daniela Pezzolla, Federico Rossi, and Giovanni Gigliotti. 2023. "Production of CO₂ Hydrates in Aqueous Mixtures Having (NH₄)₂SO₄ at Different Concentrations; Definition of Consequences on the Process Evolution, Quantification of CO₂ Captured and Validation of Hydrates Production as Technique for Ammonium Removal from Waste Water" Sustainability 15, no. 12: 9841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129841

APA Style

Gambelli, A. M., Rushani, X., Pezzolla, D., Rossi, F., & Gigliotti, G. (2023). Production of CO₂ Hydrates in Aqueous Mixtures Having (NH₄)₂SO₄ at Different Concentrations; Definition of Consequences on the Process Evolution, Quantification of CO₂ Captured and Validation of Hydrates Production as Technique for Ammonium Removal from Waste Water. Sustainability, 15(12), 9841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129841

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Production of CO₂ Hydrates in Aqueous Mixtures Having (NH₄)₂SO₄ at Different Concentrations; Definition of Consequences on the Process Evolution, Quantification of CO₂ Captured and Validation of Hydrates Production as Technique for Ammonium Removal from Waste Water

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