Evaluating Alternative and Sustainable Food Resources: A Review of the Nutritional Composition of Myctophid Fishes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nutritional Profiles
2.1. Lipids & Fatty Acids
Location | Genera | Catch Year | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
High lipid (>10% WW) | Indian Ocean | Diaphus | 2009 | [46] |
Diaphus | 2011 | [47] ^ | ||
Pacific Ocean | Diaphus | 2012 | [39] | |
Ceratoscopelus, Lampadena, Lampanyctus, Notoscopelus, Protomyctophum, Stenobrachius, Symbolophorus | 1994 | [38] | ||
Ceratoscopelus, Notoscopelus, Symbolophorus, Diaphus, Myctophum, Lampanyctus, Protomyctophum, Stenobrachius | 1995 | [36] | ||
Lampanyctus, Triphoturus, Symbolophorus | 1975–1979 | [48] | ||
Diaphus, Protomyctophum, Symbolophorus | 2005 | [40] | ||
Atlantic Ocean | Benthosema | 2015–2018 | [49,50] | |
Subarctic | Diaphus, Lampanyctus, Notoscopelus, Stenobrachius, Symbolophorus | 1992–1994 | [38] | |
Southern Ocean | Electrona, Gymnoscopelus, Krefftichthys, Protomyctophum | 1995 | [42] | |
Metelectrona | 1987 | [51] | ||
Electrona, Gymnoscopelus | 1999, 2008 | [24,43] | ||
Electrona | 2009–2012 | [44] | ||
Low lipid (<5% WW) | Indian Ocean | Myctophum | 2012 | [47] ^ |
Diaphus, Benthosema, Myctophum | 2013 | [52] | ||
Pacific Ocean | Benthosema, Diaphus | 2012 | [39] | |
Diaphus | 1994 | [38] | ||
Benthosema, Ceratoscopelus, Diaphus, Hygophum, Lampadena, Myctophum | 1993 | [38] | ||
Lampanyctus | 1995 | [36] | ||
Bolinichthys, Diaphus, Gonichthys, Hygophum, Myctophum, Notoscopelus, Protomyctophum, Taaningichthys, Tarletonbeania, Lampanyctus, Ceratoscopelus | 1975–1979 | [48] | ||
Diaphus, Electrona, Hygophum, Lampanyctus, Lampanyctodes, Lampichthys, Metelectrona, Nannobrachium | 2005 | [40] | ||
Atlantic Ocean | Lampanyctus, Hygophum | 1968 | [53] | |
Southern Ocean | Gymnoscopelus | 1999 | [24] | |
TAG dominant (>60%) | Pacific Ocean | Ceratoscopelus, Symbolophorus | 1993 | [38] |
Bolinichthys, Lampanyctus, Symbolophorus | 1975–1979 | [48] | ||
Diaphus, Lampadena, Lampanyctus, Lampichthys, Notoscopelus, Protomyctophum | 1994 | [38] | ||
Diaphus, Lampanyctus, Notoscopelus, Symbolophorus | 2005 | [40] | ||
Benthosema, Diaphus | 2012 | [39,47] ^ | ||
Indian Ocean | Myctophum, Diaphus | 2011 | [47] ^ | |
Subarctic | Diaphus, Lampanyctus, Symbolophorus | 1992 | [38] | |
Southern Ocean | Electrona, Gymnoscopelus | 1999 | [24,33] | |
WE dominant (>40%) | Pacific Ocean | Lampanyctus, Stenobrachius | 1994 | [38] |
Lampanyctus, Triphoturus | 1975–1979 | [48] | ||
Nannobrachium | 2005 | [40] | ||
Atlantic Ocean | Benthosema | 2015–2016 | [50] | |
Subarctic | Lampanyctus, Stenobrachius | 1992 | [38] | |
Southern Ocean | Electrona, Gymnoscopelus, Krefftichthys | 1999 | [24,33,42] |
Ocean | Region | # Species Assessed | EPA | DHA | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indian | Arabian Sea | 1 | 3.8 | 9.3 | [46] |
Arabian Sea | 4 | 4.1–7.0 | 7.6–20.2 | [52] | |
Arabian Sea | 3 | 4.3–5.8 | 9.8–15.9 | [47] ^ | |
Pacific | Papua New Guinea | 9 | 0–1.5 | 3.8–10.3 | [38] |
Subantarctic | 17 | 0–2.2 | 10.1–23.9 | [38] | |
Coast of Japan | 3 | 0.9–1.5 | 6.9–18.5 | [39] | |
Tasman Sea | 12 | 3.0–7.2 | 7.4–19.8 | [40] | |
Atlantic | Norwegian fjords | 1 | 6.2 | 10.4 | [49] |
North-eastern | 4 | 1.0–4.8 | 2.1–17.34 | [54] | |
Southern Ocean | Kerguelen Plateau | 6 | 0.7–1.1 | 5.5–12.2 | [53] |
Macquarie Island | 2 | 1.2–1.4 | 18.9–20.5 | [53] | |
Kerguelen | 5 | 0.3–4.6 | 3.9–7.4 | [42] | |
Antarctic Peninsula | 1 | 1.7–6.9 | 2.9–8.8 | [41] | |
Heard Island | 15 | 4.1–7.7 | 6.3–17.0 | [55] |
2.2. Proteins & Amino Acids
Ocean | Genus | Protein (% WW) | Catch Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian | Benthosema | 16.1–18.6 | [23,52] | |
Ceratoscopelus | 11.5 | 1979 | [63] | |
Diaphus | 13.3–21.4 | 1979, 2009, 2012 | [46,52,63,65,66] | |
Lampadena | 11.5 | 1979 | [63] | |
Lampanyctus | 12.1–13.4 | 1979 | [63] | |
Myctophum | 19.3–22.3 | [52,65] | ||
Notoscopelus | 13.5 | 1979 | [63] | |
Stenobrachius | 12.5–12.8 | 1979 | [63] | |
Symbolophorus | 12.3 | 1979 | [63] | |
Western Pacific | Benthosema | 14.4–15.0 | [67] | |
Northern Atlantic | Benthosema | 41.1 | 2015–2016 | [50] |
2.3. Minerals and Vitamins
Benthosema glaciale | Benthosema fibulatum | RI (mg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catch year | 2015, 2016 | 2018 | 2018 | 2018 | ||
Ocean Location | Atlantic | Indian | Atlantic | Indian | ||
Reference | [50] | [76] | [49] | [76] | [77] | |
Macro minerals (mg/g DW) | Ca | 12.1 | 5.0 | 9.4 | 540–900 | |
P | 8.3 | 3.8 | 5.8 | 420–700 | ||
Mg | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 80–350 | ||
Na | 5.4 | 3.9 | 2.3 | |||
K | 7.5 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2900–3510 | ||
Trace elements (mg/kg DW) | Fe | 51.6 | 10.8 | 25.0 | 5–15 | |
Mn | 2.8 | |||||
Zn | 36.0 | 8.0 | 15.0 | 5–12 | ||
Cu | 3.0 | 0.3–1.0 | ||||
Se | 1.7 | 0.06 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.015–0.06 | |
Ni | 0.9 | |||||
Pb | 0.4 | |||||
I | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.05–0.15 |
2.4. Contaminants
Genus | THg | Location | Catch Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Benthosema | 0.11–0.45 | NW Atlantic Ocean | 1936–1993 | [98] |
Bolinichthys | 0.02–0.2 | N Pacific Ocean, | 2007–2011 | [95] |
0.16 | NW Atlantic Ocean | 1971 | [95,96] | |
Ceratoscopelus | 0.21–0.42 | N Atlantic Ocean | 1971, 1978 | [96,97] |
Diaphus | 0.10–0.11 | NW Atlantic Ocean | 1971–1974 | [95,96] |
Electrona | 0.05–0.27 | Southern Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean | 1997–1999, 2007–2013, 1995 | [82,84,97,100] |
0.08–0.20 * | SW Pacific Ocean | 2005–2006 | [40] | |
Gymnoscopelus | 0.06–0.424 | Southern Ocean | 2015–2016, 2007–2011, 1997–1998 | [82,84,100] |
Hygophum | 0.25–0.30 | NW Atlantic Ocean | 1973–1974 | [95,96] |
0.08–0.16 * | SW Pacific Ocean | 2005–2006 | [40] | |
Krefftichthys | 0.03–0.05 | Southern Ocean | 2007–2008 | [84] |
Lampanyctus | 0.16–0.34 | NW Atlantic Ocean | 1974 | [96] |
0.12–0.28 * | SW Pacific Ocean | 2005–2006 | [40] | |
Lampichthys | 0.08–0.20 * | SW Pacific Ocean | 2005–2006 | [40] |
Lobianchia | 0.20–0.24 | NW Atlantic Ocean | 1973–1974 | [95,96] |
Myctophum | 0.08–0.32 | N Atlantic Ocean | 1994, 2001–2010 | [97,103] |
Nannobranchium | 0.28–0.32 * | SW Pacific Ocean | 2005–2006 | [40] |
Notoscopelus | 0.03–0.24 | NW, NE Atlantic Ocean | 1974, 2001–2003 | [96,99] |
0.08–0.12 * | SW Pacific Ocean | 2005–2006 | [40] | |
Protomyctophum | 0.06–0.10 | S Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean | 1997–1999, 2007–2009 | [84,100] |
Symbolphorus | 0.04–0.24 * | SW Pacific Ocean | 2005–2006 | [40] |
Location | North Pacific Ocean | Western North Atlantic Ocean | North Pacific Gyre | Southern Ocean | TDI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Myctophum nitidulum | Taaningichthys crenularis | Not specified | Gymnoscopelus nicholsi | |
Catch Year | 2009 | 2009 | 2010 | 2003 | |
BPA | nd-5.10 | nd-7.70 | nd-6.20 | 4 ng/g [104] | |
Alkylphenols | nd-47 | nd-62 | nd-10.80 | ||
APEs | nd-11 | nd-8.70 | nd-5.40 | ||
PCBs | 0.55–3.40 | 0.84–1.30 | 0.02–5.97 | 1–4 ng/g [105] | |
PBDEs | 0.01–0.05 | 0.05–0.59 | 0.002–11.20 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ng/g [106] |
Reference | [90] | [90] | [87] | [91] |
3. Considerations for Future Exploitation of Myctophids
3.1. Species Diversity and Distribution
3.2. Life History and Growth
Genera | Max Age | Ocean Region | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
<2 yr | Benthosema; Diaphus; Lepidophanes | 325 d; 362 d; 439 d | Atlantic Ocean | [126] |
Ceratoscopelus; Stenobrachius | 416 d; 541 d | Pacific Ocean | [127,128] | |
Myctophum | 440 d | [129] | ||
Tarletonbeani | 504 d | [130] | ||
Benthosema | ~1 yr | Indian Ocean | [131] | |
Myctophum | 1 yr | Atlantic Ocean | [132] | |
Protomyctophum | 1.25 yr | [133] | ||
2–4 yr | Ceratoscopelus | 2 yr | Atlantic Ocean | [134] |
Kreffichthys | 2 yr | Southern Ocean | [125] | |
Diaphus | 2.5 yr | Pacific Ocean | [135] | |
Lampanyctodes | 3 yr | [136] | ||
Electrona | 3.5 yr | Southern Ocean | [137] | |
4–6 yr | Benthosema | 4.5 yr | Atlantic Ocean | [138] |
Lampanyctus; Triphoturus | 4.5 yr; 5 yr | Pacific Ocean | [118,124] | |
Benthosema | 5 yr | Atlantic Ocean | [131] | |
Lampanyctus | 5.5–6 yr | [118,125] | ||
6–8 yr | Gymnoscopelus | 6 yr | Southern Ocean | [125] |
Benthosema, Gymnoscopelus | 7 yr | Atlantic Ocean | [139,140] | |
Benthosema | 7 yr | Pacific Ocean | [141] | |
Stenobrachius | 7.5 yr | Atlantic Ocean | [118] | |
Stenobrachius | 8 yr | Atlantic Ocean | [142] |
3.3. Role in the Ecosystem
3.4. Biomass and Fishery Potential
4. Future Prospects and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, B.; Pethybridge, H.; Virtue, P.; Nichols, P.D.; Swadling, K.; Williams, A.; Lee-Chang, K. Evaluating Alternative and Sustainable Food Resources: A Review of the Nutritional Composition of Myctophid Fishes. Sustainability 2023, 15, 12039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512039
Zhang B, Pethybridge H, Virtue P, Nichols PD, Swadling K, Williams A, Lee-Chang K. Evaluating Alternative and Sustainable Food Resources: A Review of the Nutritional Composition of Myctophid Fishes. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):12039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512039
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Bowen, Heidi Pethybridge, Patti Virtue, Peter D. Nichols, Kerrie Swadling, Alan Williams, and Kim Lee-Chang. 2023. "Evaluating Alternative and Sustainable Food Resources: A Review of the Nutritional Composition of Myctophid Fishes" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 12039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512039