The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation and Characterisation of Leach Feed
2.2. Leaching Tests
2.3. Thermochemical Modelling
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterisation of the Leach Feed
3.2. Leaching in the Absence of Reductant
3.2.1. Effect of Molarity and S/L Ratio
2Mn(CH3COO)2 (aq) + Co3O4 + Mn2O4 + Ni2O3 + O2(g)+ 11H2O(aq)
3.2.2. Effect of Temperature
3.2.3. Effect of Stirring Speed
3.3. Leaching with Reductant Addition
3.4. Analysis of the Leaching Kinetics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Al | Fe | Cu | Co | Ni | Mn | Li | C | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wt.-% | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 24.6 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 33 | 26.5 |
Molarity (M) | Temp (°C) | S/L (g/L) | Stirring Speed (rpm) | pH Final | %Li | %Co | %Ni | %Mn | %Al | %Fe | %Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 90 | 100 | 400 | 3.92 | 30 | 20 | 26 | 29 | 33 | 1 | 95 |
2 | 3.41 | 31 | 20 | 28 | 29 | 77 | 32 | 92 | |||
3 | 3.12 | 31 | 20 | 31 | 30 | 80 | 39 | 92 | |||
4 | 2.83 | 30 | 20 | 33 | 29 | 80 | 44 | 85 | |||
3 | 50 | 100 | 400 | 3.29 | 25 | 17 | 23 | 28 | 77 | 31 | 86 |
70 | 3.12 | 27 | 19 | 26 | 30 | 76 | 37 | 86 | |||
3 | 90 | 50 | 400 | 2.83 | 29 | 19 | 36 | 32 | 83 | 42 | 85 |
150 | 3.25 | 30 | 20 | 33 | 31 | 73 | 20 | 88 | |||
3 | 90 | 100 | 200 | 3.02 | 29 | 19 | 32 | 30 | 81 | 39 | 84 |
Component | Content |
---|---|
Total Sugars | 61.3 g/100 g |
Oxalic Acid | 29 g/L |
Malic Acid | 144 g/L |
Lactic Acid | 46 g/L |
Citric Acid | 109 g/L |
Temp (°C) | S/L (g/L) | Stirring Speed (rpm) | Li % | Co % | Ni % | Mn % | Al % | Fe % | Cu % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
90 | 100 | 400 | 99.8 | 99.8 | 99.3 | 96.4 | 71.4 | 56.5 | 25.6 |
90 | 150 | 400 | 97.4 | 69.7 | 26.5 | 72.2 | 2.8 | 23.3 | 3.3 |
90 | 100 | 200 | 92.1 | 88.0 | 88.8 | 83.3 | 65.8 | 51.7 | 23.8 |
90 | 100 | 300 | 93.8 | 89.6 | 84.1 | 94.2 | 54.4 | 56.3 | 21.9 |
70 | 100 | 400 | 54.9 | 49.4 | 71.7 | 64.2 | 72.1 | 23.5 | 85.1 |
50 | 100 | 400 | 21.9 | 21.2 | 33.6 | 38.9 | 55.5 | 24.4 | 75.7 |
30 | 100 | 400 | 19.1 | 17.7 | 30.7 | 37.8 | 80.1 | 32.5 | 65.7 |
T (°C) | Diffusion Film (r1) | Chemical Reaction (r2) | τ (min) | k″ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | Slope | R2 | Slope | r1 | r2 | ||
30 | 0.969 | 0.0016 | 0.970 | 0.0008 | 641 | 1250 | 1.51 × 10−20 |
50 | 0.971 | 0.0025 | 0.949 | 0.0011 | 407 | 926 | 2.15 × 10−20 |
70 | 0.936 | 0.0040 | 0.938 | 0.0021 | 250 | 476 | 4.27 × 10−20 |
90 | 0.964 | 0.0191 | 0.976 | 0.0143 | 52 | 70 | 2.91 × 10−19 |
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Amalia, D.; Singh, P.; Zhang, W.; Nikoloski, A.N. The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries. Sustainability 2023, 15, 13171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713171
Amalia D, Singh P, Zhang W, Nikoloski AN. The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries. Sustainability. 2023; 15(17):13171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713171
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmalia, Dessy, Pritam Singh, Wensheng Zhang, and Aleksandar N. Nikoloski. 2023. "The Effect of a Molasses Reductant on Acetic Acid Leaching of Black Mass from Mechanically Treated Spent Lithium-Ion Cylindrical Batteries" Sustainability 15, no. 17: 13171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713171