Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in China’s Coastal Areas and the Drivers of Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size—The Case of 82 Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area and Data Sources
2.1.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.1.2. Data Sources
2.2. Research Methodology
2.2.1. City-Scale CO2 Emission Accounting
2.2.2. Exploring Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
2.2.3. LMDI Model
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Characterization of the Temporal Evolution of CO2 Emissions
3.2. Characteristics of the Spatial Evolution of CO2 Emission Intensity
3.3. Factor Decomposition of Urban Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in China’s Coastal Region
3.3.1. Output Scale Effect
3.3.2. Labor Productivity Effect
3.3.3. Per Capita Energy Consumption Intensity Effect
3.3.4. Other Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- CO2 emissions in China’s coastal region are growing rapidly, from 2152.23 million tons in 2005 to 52,477.77 million tons in 2020. This represents an increase of approximately 2.5-fold, and it has an overall fluctuating upward trend.
- (2)
- The energy-related CO2 emissions of a small number of cities in China’s coastal region show a trend of steady growth to reach the peak and then a slow decline. Consequently, this type of city will be expected to realize the goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality” ahead of schedule, while resource cities will have to realize the goals of “dual carbon” and “carbon neutrality”. In order to achieve the “double carbon” goal, it is necessary to consider adjusting the energy structure and optimizing the industrial structure.
- (3)
- During the study period, the CO2 emission intensity of China’s coastal regions had obvious spatial positive correlation and spatial agglomeration characteristics, and its spatial correlation tended to weaken and then strengthen.
- (4)
- Overall, among the five factors affecting the change in CO2 emissions from energy consumption by the industrial sector in China’s coastal regions, the pull effect is higher than the inhibitory effect, the scale of economic output of the industrial sector is the biggest pull factor and the labor productivity effect is the biggest inhibitory factor.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Energy Varieties | Standard Coal Coefficient (kgce/kg m3) | CO2 Emission Factor (104 t/104 t) | Energy Varieties | Standard Coal Coefficient (kgce/kg m3) | CO2 Emission Factor (104 t/104 t) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw coal | 0.7143 | 2.492 | Diesel | 1.4571 | 2.167 |
Washed refined coal | 0.9000 | 3.212 | Fuel oil | 1.4286 | 2.219 |
Other washed coal | 0.2850 | 2.492 | Liquefied petroleum gas | 1.7143 | 1.828 |
Coal products | 0.6000 | 2.631 | Refinery dry gas | 1.5714 | 2.162 |
Coke | 0.9714 | 2.977 | Petroleum brain | 1.5000 | 2.126 |
Other coking products | 1.3000 | 2.341 | Lubricants | 1.4143 | 2.126 |
Coke oven gas | 6.1430 | 1.288 | Solvent oil | 1.4671 | 2.126 |
Blast furnace gas | 1.2860 | 7.523 | Paraffin wax | 1.3643 | 2.126 |
Converter gas | 2.0700 | 1.288 | Petroleum coke | 1.0914 | 2.126 |
Generator gas | 1.7860 | 1.288 | petroleum asphalt | 1.4000 | 2.126 |
Other gas | 3.5710 | 1.288 | Other oil products | 1.2000 | 2.126 |
Natural gas | 13.300 | 2.162 | Heat | 0.03412 | 3.212 |
Liquefied natural gas | 1.1757 | 2.660 | Electric power | 1.2290 | 6.113 |
Crude oil | 1.4286 | 2.104 | Residual heat and pressure | 0.03412 | 3.212 |
Gasoline | 1.4714 | 1.988 | Other fuels | 1.01000 | 2.4567 |
Year | Moran’s Index | Z Score | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
2005 | 0.3669 | 4.3004 | 0.0000 |
2006 | 0.2664 | 3.1221 | 0.0017 |
2007 | 0.1740 | 2.0779 | 0.0377 |
2008 | 0.2397 | 2.8100 | 0.0050 |
2009 | 0.2032 | 2.3967 | 0.0165 |
2010 | 0.2664 | 3.1221 | 0.0018 |
2011 | 0.1590 | 1.9087 | 0.0563 |
2012 | 0.1535 | 1.8481 | 0.0646 |
2013 | 0.1667 | 1.9964 | 0.0459 |
2014 | 0.1775 | 2.1229 | 0.0338 |
2015 | 0.1566 | 1.8882 | 0.0590 |
2016 | 0.1368 | 2.7974 | 0.0051 |
2017 | 0.2382 | 2.8364 | 0.0046 |
2018 | 0.2793 | 3.2679 | 0.0011 |
2019 | 0.2878 | 3.3352 | 0.0008 |
2020 | 0.2972 | 3.4389 | 0.0005 |
Year | Total Effect | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 64.1375 | 238.8040 | −289.7121 | 56.6335 | 379.6763 | 449.5392 |
2007 | 27.5501 | 156.6668 | −304.8799 | 57.7436 | 419.5108 | 356.5913 |
2008 | 0.2046 | −95.6445 | −265.5315 | 48.3928 | 361.4045 | 48.8259 |
2009 | 18.8341 | 79.4592 | −203.5542 | 26.4812 | 337.0562 | 258.2764 |
2010 | −98.7024 | 275.4876 | −278.1084 | 34.5775 | 477.0447 | 410.2991 |
2011 | 129.8239 | 433.9620 | −676.5293 | 37.5617 | 476.5764 | 401.3947 |
2012 | 122.2263 | 38.7568 | −411.4503 | 33.5273 | 453.6521 | 236.7123 |
2013 | 8.9945 | 88.1427 | −426.1942 | 27.8706 | 440.4791 | 139.2928 |
2014 | 509.7842 | −444.8522 | −395.3330 | 14.7173 | 360.9694 | 45.2856 |
2015 | −0.2155 | 128.8691 | −398.8168 | −20.2976 | 284.0955 | −6.3653 |
2016 | −171.2638 | 17.0535 | −51.7426 | −6.9380 | 234.8575 | 21.9666 |
2017 | −19.7668 | 931.3033 | −1056.5616 | 26.4942 | 267.7226 | 149.1918 |
2018 | −4.8924 | 751.9006 | −757.6303 | 14.2103 | 251.9699 | 255.5581 |
2019 | 76.6828 | 498.1247 | −597.8619 | 5.3032 | 246.2182 | 228.4669 |
2020 | −138.0305 | 292.8969 | −303.0942 | 56.8661 | 191.8655 | 100.5037 |
Accumulation | 525.3667 | 3390.9305 | −6417.0004 | 413.1436 | 5183.0988 | 3095.5392 |
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Duan, Y.; Zhong, J.; Wang, H.; Sun, C. Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in China’s Coastal Areas and the Drivers of Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size—The Case of 82 Cities. Sustainability 2023, 15, 13374. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813374
Duan Y, Zhong J, Wang H, Sun C. Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in China’s Coastal Areas and the Drivers of Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size—The Case of 82 Cities. Sustainability. 2023; 15(18):13374. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813374
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuan, Ye, Juanjuan Zhong, Hongye Wang, and Caizhi Sun. 2023. "Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in China’s Coastal Areas and the Drivers of Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size—The Case of 82 Cities" Sustainability 15, no. 18: 13374. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813374