Integration of Tacit and Explicit Strategies in Sustainable Livelihood Recovery: A Case Study on Project-Affected Communities of a Hydropower Plant in West Java, Indonesia

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

The authors used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the integration of explicit and tacit strategies for PAC livelihood recovery. The manuscript is well-organized on this interesting topic. Here are my comments:

1. The Introduction section could be more succinct. Since the focus of this paper is Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage (UCPS), the first three paragraphs on the history of large dams should be shortened to one paragraph. This also applies to the first four sentences in the Abstract.

2. The research gap and key contributions of this manuscript should be summarized and presented at the end of the Introduction section.

3. The first paragraph in the Discussion section (lines 242-244) should be removed. 

4. The last paragraph in the Conclusion section (lines 664-665) should be removed. In addition, the information on the "Informed Consent Statement", "Data Availability Statement", and "Acknowledgments" should be updated. 

5. The manuscript needs to be carefully proofread to avoid mistakes. For instance, "during peak load times" appeared twice in lines 76 and 77. Citations in line 108 (Scott et al., 2022) should be referenced by numbers.  Reference #25 in lines 746-747 needs to be updated.

The quality of English is satisfactory, though many sentences could be more succinct. 

Author Response

Dear Reviewer 1. Here are revisions:

1. Responses to Reviewer 1.

   Review

   The authors used mixed quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the integration of explicit and tacit strategies for PAC livelihood recovery. The manuscript is well-organized on this interesting topic.

   Response: Thank you. We dedicate to it.

   Here are the responses:

   1. The Introduction section could be more succinct. Since the focus of this paper is Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage (UCPS), the first three paragraphs on the history of large dams should be shortened to one paragraph. This also applies to the first four sentences in the Abstract.

    

   Thank you for comment. We make it more succinct regarding the first three paragraphs on the history of large dams to be one paragraph.

    

   North American and European countries built many large dams until 1975, after which both began to abandon most of the installed hydropower due to negative social and environmental impacts. 546 dams were dismantled in the United States from 2006-2014, and thousands in Europe [1], [2]. This situation contrasts with what is happening in developing countries, which have increased the construction of hydropower dams for decades. Cirata was the first reservoir built by the Government of Indonesia in 1957 and operated in 1967. Very deservedly, during the 1960-2020 period, no less than 235 large-scale dams were built in Indonesia.

    

   2. The research gap and key contributions of this manuscript should be summarized and presented at the end of the Introduction section.

   Yes. Thank you. It has been revised.

   In real terms, the project manager always works with stakeholders to restore the livelihood and income of the PAC. However, often the operations are carried out top-down and instantaneously, so it is unsustainable and even fails. Therefore, a circular and sustainable community livelihood and income recovery design are needed, integrating strategies designed from the outside (explicit strategy) with PAC adaptation strategies (tacit strategy). Through this strategy, PAC livelihoods can recover through this strategy and negative social, economic, and environmental externalities from UCPS can be reduced or even eliminated [16]–[20]. An integrative PAC livelihood recovery solution pays attention to sustainability and diversity and anticipates the impacts of climate change and other risks [21]. This strategy included meeting the needs of food, clean water, energy, and others. Livelihood recovery must anticipate the loss of resources, habitat, biodiversity, irrigation networks, infrastructure, and access to services [22]. An integrative strategy is essential to reduce PAPs' environmental and social costs. This paper aimed to identify the integration of "tacit and explicit" strategies in collaborative, circular, and sustainable PAC UCPS livelihood recovery

   3. The first paragraph in the Discussion section (lines 242-244) should be removed.

    

   Thank you. It has been removed.

    

   4. The last paragraph in the Conclusion section (lines 664-665) should be removed. In addition, the information on the "Informed Consent Statement", "Data Availability Statement", and "Acknowledgments" should be updated. 

    

   Thank you. The last paragraph in conclusion section (line 664-665) has been removed.

   The additional information has been updated.

    

   5. The manuscript needs to be carefully proofread to avoid mistakes. For instance, "during peak load times" appeared twice in lines 76 and 77. Citations in line 108 (Scott et al., 2022) should be referenced by numbers.  Reference #25 in lines 746-747 needs to be updated.

    

   Line 76 and 77 have been revised. Become 70-71

   UCPS is a "Pumped Storage" constructed by two dams, consisting of an upper and lower pool. During peak load times, the lower pond water will be pumped into the upper pond, and the upper pool water will be released to drive the turbine.

    

    

   The citation in line 108 (Scott et al.) has been changed by number

   construction of large dams is often oriented toward providing energy for industrial and urban population growth while paying little attention to socio-economic and environmental impacts [13]. The irony is that people affected by projects often do not get electricity because they do not get services from large dams. Whoever agrees that all countries need sustainable energy, hydropower plant is part of this portfolio.

    

   Reference #25 in lines 746-747 has been updated
   Savaya and O. Cohenn, “A Qualitative cum Quantitative Approach to Construct Definition in a Minority Population : Reasons for Divorce among Israeli Arab Women A Qualitative cum Quantitative Approach to Construct Definition in a Minority Population : Reasons for Divorce among Is,” J. Sociol. Soc. Welf., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 156–179, 1998, doi: 10.15453/0191-5096.2531.

    

   Comments on the Quality of English Language

   The quality of English is satisfactory, though many sentences could be more succinct. 

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 2 Report

Thank you for completing your effort. Here are my suggestions:

1. The title of the article is quite long and should focus on the main aspects of your work. Consider including the key elements of your study in a concise manner.
2. Clarify the meaning and role of the "integrated" keyword in your title. Is it referring to the integration of tacit and explicit strategies or something else? Elaborate on why this integration is important and how it contributes to your research.
3. Provide a clear definition and explanation of the "tacit and explicit strategy" mentioned in your paper. Is it a tool, approach, or theory? Discuss the theoretical background behind this strategy and why it is considered the best approach for your study. Additionally, explore if other researchers have utilized this approach in their work.
4. In line 126, you mention an "integrative PAC livelihood recovery solution," but in the abstract, you discuss the "tacit and explicit strategy." Clarify how these approaches are used in your study and explain the rationale behind their selection.
5. Include a thorough theoretical background section that explains why your chosen approach from this theory enhances the analysis in your article.
6. Clarify if you applied all the phases discussed in section 3 or if you drew upon other reports, as mentioned in lines 163-173. Provide a clear explanation of your research methodology and the specific steps you took.
7. When discussing figures and tables in section 3, ensure that you mention the results derived from your own work or other references used. Clearly explain the significance of these figures and tables in supporting your research findings.
8. In the discussion section, it appears that you gathered interview results, but some of the interviews are not mentioned in the report. Clarify this discrepancy and ensure that all interviews are appropriately included and referenced.

Overall, your article shows promise, but addressing these points will enhance the clarity and completeness of your research.

 

your writing needs more improvement

Author Response

Dear Reviewer 2. Thanks a lot for reviewing and corrections.

Thank you for your valuable suggestions.

1. The title of the article is quite long and should focus on the main aspects of your work. Consider including the key elements of your study in a concise manner.

 

Response: Thank you. Yes. We make it brief.

 

Integration of Tacit and Explicit Strategy in Sustainable Livelihoods Recovery: Case Study on Project Affected Communities of Hydropower Plant in West Java, Indonesia

 

 

2. Clarify the meaning and role of the "integrated" keyword in your title. Is it referring to the integration of tacit and explicit strategies or something else? Elaborate on why this integration is important and how it contributes to your research.

 

Response: Thank you for suggestion. Yes.

The word "integration" in the title refers to the integration of the "Tacit and Explicit Strategy" in planning, organizing, implementing, and monitoring the livelihood restoration of PACs to achieve goals effectively, efficiently, and sustainably.

The word "integrated" is essential and plays a role in this research because it is a solution (novelty or new reliable knowledge) for perfecting the PAC's livelihood recovery strategy, which has so far been partially or very much dominated by "explicit strategy (supply-driven).

 

This integrative strategy is accommodative to diversity and anticipatory of the impacts of climate change and the risk of loss of resources, habitats, biodiversity, irrigation networks, infrastructure, access to services, social and environmental costs.

 

 

3. Provide a clear definition and explanation of the "tacit and explicit strategy" mentioned in your paper. Is it a tool, approach, or theory? Discuss the theoretical background behind this strategy and why it is considered the best approach for your study. Additionally, explore if other researchers have utilized this approach in their work

 

Response:

Tacit and Explicit Strategy is an approach or method derived from knowledge management theory, which is developed by integrating and synergizing knowledge or livelihood restoration innovations from the project manager (explicit) with those from the PAC community (tacit). The integration is used by the authors in the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) on the UCPS PAC. The results of the review revealed that the integration of tacit and explicit strategy in PS, which is relatively small in scale, is proven to be able to minimize negative social, economic, and environmental impacts (Bitew et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2020; Lan et al., 2021; Fisher et al., 2012; Carnegie et al., 2013) so that it contrasts with the construction of large-scale dams (Scott et al., 2011).

 

 

4. In line 126, you mention an "integrative PAC livelihood recovery solution," but in the abstract, you discuss the "tacit and explicit strategy." Clarify how these approaches are used in your study and explain the rationale behind their selection.

Response: Thank you. Line 126. It has been revised.

The word integrative in line 126 refers to the integration of tacit and explicit strategy as an approach to recover the sustainable livelihoods of PAC-UCPS. The reason is that the PAC livelihood recovery approach for large-scale hydropower has been dominated by an "explicit strategy" or a top-down (supply-driven) approach. The implication, not only is it slow to restore old livelihoods and does not generate new livelihoods, but it has also made PAC dependent, making it unsustainable.

An integrative tacit and explicit strategy on PAC livelihood recovery solution pays attention to sustainability and diversity and anticipates the impacts of climate change and other risks.

 

5. Include a thorough theoretical background section that explains why your chosen approach from this theory enhances the analysis in your article.

Response: Theoretical background has been included.

The livelihood recovery of PAC in PS and UPCS is designed to be sustainable through explicit integration with a tacit strategy based on a sustainable livelihood theory using a pluralistic method. This method has been successfully applied in creative communities in China, Taiwan, India, Great Britain, Scotland, and Korea. Integrated strategies have been proven to restore and grow PAC livelihoods, strengthen access to resources and reduce negative social, economic, and environmental externalities.

 

 

6. Clarify if you applied all the phases discussed in section 3 or if you drew upon other reports, as mentioned in lines 163-173. Provide a clear explanation of your research methodology and the specific steps you took.

Response: Thank you. It has been revised.

The phases discussed in section 3 are compiled and mapped based on in-depth interviews, focused discussions (FGD) results, and a review of the LARAP implementation documents from 2011-2022. The author compiled these phases using community empowerment stages adopted from community development theory (Jim Ife and Frank Tesoriero, 1995; Deepa Narayan, 1999) and pluralistic methods (Howkins, 2001; Florida, 2002). Five stages of empowerment are used as a framework for preparing these phases: enabling, strengthening, advocation, innovation, and improvement.

Primary data was obtained from the survey, tabulated, made diagrams, and analyzed descriptively with Outcome Mapping for integrative strategy impact analysis. Primary data obtained from in-depth interviews, observations, and focused discussions, were selected, explicitly presented in the form of inboxes, and analyzed dialectically. While the qualitative data were analyzed by trialectical and trend analysis to review the implementation of PAC economic recovery for ten years (2013-2022) was also presented in addition to primary data. In general, the results of an integrated study are justified through theoretical analysis, both ethical, emic, and dialectical; Second, through consultation with experts or reviews; and third, through public consultation with research participants. The research was conducted for one year, starting from August 2021-August 2022.

 

7. When discussing figures and tables in section 3, ensure that you mention the results derived from your own work or other references used. Clearly explain the significance of these figures and tables in supporting your research findings.

Response:

In section 3, the novelty of this paper integrates not only six explicit strategies with four tacit strategies for restoring PAC livelihoods but also the integration of offline and online communication and empowerment methods, integration of collaborating actors (academicians, researchers, government, business people, media and communities), as well as integration of PAC communities living overseas with those returning to rural areas (brain drain and brain gain actors). Also, a conducive PAC ecosystem is essential in realizing a roadmap for sustainable livelihood restoration, enabling and mapping opportunities, strengthening and protecting businesses, innovation and business improvement, and collaboration and regeneration of business actors (Figure 1).

 

1. In the discussion section, it appears that you gathered interview results, but some of the interviews are not mentioned in the report. Clarify this discrepancy and ensure that all interviews are appropriately included and referenced.

Response:

The survey results, in-depth interviews, and FGD have been presented in pictures and quotations (coding). The mapping of the pluralistic method of livelihood recovery was constructed from the results of in-depth interviews, FGDs, and secondary data, including the results of triallectics. Tacit and Explicit Strategy in livelihood recovery was constructed from surveys, FGDs, and in-depth interviews. The impact of sustainable livelihood restoration is constructed from surveys, in-depth interviews, and FGDs. Gender perspectives and obstacles in implementing integrated strategies are constructed from surveys, in-depth interviews, and FGDs.

Overall, your article shows promise, but addressing these points will enhance the clarity and completeness of your research.

Response: Thank you

Best Regards

Authors

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Round 2

Reviewer 2 Report

1- I recommend concluding the introduction section with your research question or the goal of your research.

2- Add a second section titled "Theoretical Background". In this section, please explain the following: -- Provide a comprehensive theoretical background that elucidates why your selected approach from this theory enhances the analysis in your article. -- Clearly define and explain the "tacit and explicit strategy" mentioned in your paper. Is it a tool, an approach, or a theory? Discuss the theoretical background of this strategy and justify why it is considered the most suitable approach for your study. Also, investigate whether other researchers have utilized this approach in their work.

3- Incorporate a diagram in the "Materials and Methodology" section that outlines your work and research methodology step by step. Your current explanation remains somewhat unclear.

4- In the results section, please provide a detailed, step-by-step description of your findings. Write a clear explanation above or below each table and figure, outlining how each one supports your research findings. (This explanation should not be in the title of the figure or table.)

5- In the discussion section, interpret your results in the context of other findings. Consolidate all your interview results in this section. If the interview results are used to compare your findings with those of other studies, they should be included in this section. If not, you may want to consider moving your interview results to the previous section

6- please add the whole interviewing resluts and coding section as a appendix 

plagrisim certification or approval need to be provided by author after final revision. 

qualtiy of english language need to be approved by editor. 

 

Author Response

Dear Reviewer 2,

 Thank you for reviewing our manuscript and enriching our writing. We have revised it as your suggestion. We hope it is the final revision.

 

Review:

• I recommend concluding the introduction section with your research question or the goal of your research.

Response 1.

In general, this paper aims to find out the implementation of the pluralistic method, tacit strategy, and explicit strategy and the impact of the integration of tacit and explicit strategy on the recovery of MTP livelihoods based on the theoretical perspective of sustainable livelihood (SL) and the roles of men and women (gender) in it.

• Add a second section titled "Theoretical Background". In this section, please explain the following: -- Provide a comprehensive theoretical background that elucidates why your selected approach from this theory enhances the analysis in your article. -- Clearly define and explain the "tacit and explicit strategy" mentioned in your paper. Is it a tool, an approach, or a theory? Discuss the theoretical background of this strategy and justify why it is considered the most suitable approach for your study. Also, investigate whether other researchers have utilized this approach in their work.

 

Response 2:

2. Theoretical Background

 

Sustainable livelihoods (SL) are still a hot debate and a development issue continuously discussed in various literature and scientific forums for the last two decades [26]. It as capacity, tangible or intangible assets, and activities needed in building life. Livelihood is called sustainable if it is adaptive, continues under various pressures, maintains and increases capacity and assets owned, and regenerates [27]. This SL framework focuses on integrated and people-centered rural development, both households and communities [28] . The analysis explains how a person builds life and manages capital that supports increased welfare. The analysis principle is integrative, participatory, and collaborative, focusing on local (tacit) and external (explicit) strategies. The analytical framework refers to human, social, natural, economic (financial), and physical-ecological capital, including transportation, water, energy, and production inputs [29].

The process of realizing sustainable livelihoods requires a pluralistic approach to empowerment. This method integrated rapid rural appraisal (RRA), cyber extension (CE), community development (CD), community-driven development (CDD), participatory rural appraisal (PRA), participatory learning action (PLA), participatory action research (PAR), market information system (MIS), knowledge sharing (KS), community coaching (CC), disaster management and mitigation (DMM), integrated security system (ISS) and others. Tacit strategy is interpreted as the efforts made by internal personal and communal parties, both in the form of initiatives, adaptation, coping, and mitigation [30]–[36]. The nature of the tacit strategy approach is internalization so that it is rooted within, including from outside networks. The practice prioritizes initiative, mutual trust, sharing, collaborating, and involving all parties.

Explicit strategy is a formal effort by external parties to initiate, strengthen, protect, innovate, and develop personal and community. It can include assistance (facilitation), capital assistance, strengthening awareness and participation, and increasing access and capacity. Capital assistance is realized through social, economic, natural, and human capital [35]. Some livelihood experts include political capital [26] and knowledge capital [37]. An integrated strategy is interpreted as a community development approach that is carried out by integrating an explicit strategy designed by various external parties (supply-driven) with a tacit strategy initiated from below by the community (demand-driven). This strategy develops a participatory approach whose analysis only reaches the output and outcome by adding impact and feedback. This strategy is constructed with knowledge management theory from [37], disruptive theory from [29], sustainability theory from [38], and community development theory.

3- Incorporate a diagram in the "Materials and Methodology" section that outlines your work and research methodology step by step. Your current explanation remains somewhat unclear.

Response 3:

The results were justified through three steps. First: theoretical analysis, ethical, emic, and dialectical; Second: through consultation with experts or reviews; and third: through public consultation with research participants. The research was conducted for one year, starting from August 2021-August 2022. The third steps are compiled and mapped based on the results of in-depth interviews, focused discussions (FGD), and a review of the LARAP implementation documents from 2011-2022. The author compiled these phases using community empowerment stages adopted from community development theory [43] and pluralistic methods [21]. Five stages of empowerment are used as a framework for preparing these phases: enabling, strengthening, advocation, innovation, and improvement.

4- In the results section, please provide a detailed, step-by-step description of your findings. Write a clear explanation above or below each table and figure, outlining how each one supports your research findings. (This explanation should not be in the title of the figure or table.).

Response 4:

4.1. Implementation of Fluralistic Method of PAC Livelihood Recovery

The explicit method of recovery the livelihood of PAC is implemented throughout pluralistic method based on theory of community development [15], [21], [31], [32]. There were five assistance phases:

The first phase (2011-2012), facilitation of identification of business interests as a basis for grouping PAC and business training for pilot groups. The training focuses on agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, product processing, construction labor, trading business, and management of economic institutions. Apart from that, a stakeholder analysis was also carried out for the implementation of Community Involvement and Development (CID).

The second phase (2013-2014) is entrepreneurship training, preparation of business plans, and strengthening PAC access to capital services. The training focused on the effectiveness and efficiency of using compensation money, developing sheep farming, fish farming, honey bee farming, banana chip, and palm sugar businesses. Training is given to farmer groups, small businesses, and women farmers. The training continued strengthening PAC's access to health services, markets, clean water, secondary and senior education, transportation, information, and the internet.

The third phase (2015-2017) facilitated the strengthening of three PAC cooperatives, two agricultural MFIs (86 members of families), one livestock LKM (25 members of families), and one entrepreneurial MFI (54 members of families). Priority on the effectiveness of the realization of venture capital assistance (Rp 7.5 million/KK) and the growth of new businesses. Capital assistance is focused on agro-complex-based micro businesses, inputs (seeds, fish/plant/livestock seeds, tractors), compost, and food processing. Capital reinforcement was given to the men's group for agro-complex, while processing and handicrafts were given to the women's farming group.

The fourth phase (2018-2022) is strengthening community access to productive resources, especially infrastructure and socio-economic support facilities. Around 56 related programs were implemented. Thereby increasing the quality and quantity of district roads, village roads, neighborhood roads, bridges, irrigation networks, clean water networks, worship facilities, health facilities, refueling facilities, energy service facilities (gas), and biodiversity protection facilities. As a result, there was business chain efficiency and the expansion of the PAC communication network, so access and income increased.

The fifth phase (2021-2022) is strengthening business networks through structuring superior product business documentation, business administration (labeling, barcodes), and online marketing. Focus on locally processed food products, such as banana chips, palm sugar, honey, black rice, and brown rice. The galleries and websites were developed and marketed through district and regional exhibitions to expand the market for processed food and handicrafts made of wood or bamboo. PAC business group product branding is also carried out through Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube social media

4.2. PAC Livelihood Recovery Explicite Strategy

 

An explicit livelihood recovery strategy is interpreted as a formal effort by external parties to initiate, strengthen, protect, innovate, and develop PAC. The concrete strategy includes: Government social programs. Institutional action plans. Corporate social responsibility. NGOs empowerment programs. Community service for higher education institutions. Social action programs for research institutions. Socio-economic media awareness.  Innovation adoption from extension workers. The form is in the form of assistance (explicit method) and capital assistance.

 

4.3. PAC Livelihood Recovery Tacit Strategy

 

The tacit strategy for restoring the PAC's livelihood is interpreted as the efforts made by the internal PAC, both personally and communally. The concrete strategies are in the form of initiatives, adaptation, coping, and mitigation (Erkoyuncu et al., 2015; Glew et al., 2017; Fahmi et al., 2019; Kunisch et al., 2019; McKinley et al., 2021; Hughes et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022; Gupta et al., 2022). Livelihoods are grown in the PAC ecosystem through diversification, differentiation, intensification, and substitution patterns. The nature of the tacit strategy approach is internalization, which is rooted in and extends to external networks. The practice emphasizes initiative, mutual trust, sharing, collaborating, and involving all parties (participatory combination).

 

4.4. Integration Scheme PAC Livelihood Recovery Tacit-explicit Strategy

An integrated strategy is a tactical effort to recover PAC livelihoods by integrating an explicit strategy designed by various UPCS project organizers (supply-driven) with a tacit strategy initiated from below by the PAC community (demand-driven). The integrated strategy is a PAC livelihood recovery approach that is not only participatory but also systemic, holistic, and collaborative. Combining several empowerment approaches, integrating potential capital, and collaborating with various related parties (stakeholders), both the project side (UPCS), the government, and the community. The scheme is on Figure 2.

 

5- In the discussion section, interpret your results in the context of other findings. Consolidate all your interview results in this section. If the interview results are used to compare your findings with those of other studies, they should be included in this section. If not, you may want to consider moving your interview results to the previous section

Response 5:

Yes. We have revised in discussion section

Figure 3 Impact of Tacit and Explicit Strategy Integration in PAC Livelihood Recovery

6- please add the whole interviewing results and coding section as a appendix, abbreviations

Appendix:

Coding

ABCGM              : Academician, Businessmen, Community, Government, Media

PAC                    : Project Affected Communities

HP                       : Hydropower Plant

PS                        : Pumped Storage

MSME                 : Micro, Small, and Macro Entrepreneurship

UCPS                  : Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage

LARAP               : Land Acquisition and Resettlement Action Plan

MI                       : Microfinance Institution

MDU                   : Main Development Unit

PIU                      : Project Implementation Unit

FGD                     : Focus Group Discussion

IFAD                   : International Fund for Agricultural Development

IW                       : Indonesian Workers

HA                      : Household Assistants

LPG                     : Liquefied Petroleum Gas

NGOs                  : Non-Government Organizations Tenaga Kerja Indonesia

SOP                     : Standard Operational Procedure

HF                       : Head of Family

 

Table 2 Comparative Analysis of the Livelihood Conditions of PAC Before and After UCPS

No	Livelihood Aspect	Before UCPS	After UCPS
1	Living conditions	Stage (70%), permanent (20%), and semi-permanent (10%)	Stage (40%), permanent (40%), and semi-permanent (20%)
2	Economic capital	Informal sources (60%), dealers (25%), and 15% formal.	Informal sources (70%), non-formal (20%), and 10% formal.
3	Social capital	Local and reciprocal norms are high (80%), but external networking is weak. Land tenure relations are 60% owned and 40% cultivated	Local and reciprocal norms fade (60%). Formal norms, networking, and collaboration are widespread (40%). Land tenure relation 75% owned
4	Natural capital	85% of the economy is based on natural resources, paddy fields, fields, and forests. 15% other sectors	60% of the economy is based on natural resources, and 40% is in other sectors. Paddy fields converted 20% and dry land 20%.
5	Institutional capital	80% of decisions go through local institutions, while only 20% of formal institutions	55% of decisions go through formal institutions, while local institutions drop to 45%.
6	Source of income	85% agriculture, animal husbandry, and primary forestry, while 15% MSME and non-agricultural sectors	80% agriculture, animal husbandry, and primary forestry. 20% MSME scale agro-industry and 55% non-agricultural sector
7	Land access	Private and state land is available within the scope of the village, with affordable purchase and rental prices.	Private and state land is available inside and outside the village, the land purchase price has increased by 50-100%, and the cultivated area has narrowed.
8	Road access and transportation	Passed by rough paved village roads (30%), cobbled village roads (30%), and dirt alleys (40%). 40% of four-wheeled transport and 60% of modified two-wheeled vehicles	Hotmix roads (40%), asphalt and concrete village roads (40%), and concrete alleys (20%). Four-wheeled (80%) and two-wheeled (20%) transportation.
9	Access to the marketing of agricultural products and MSMEs	80% is sold to middlemen and 20% to the local market	40% sold to middlemen, 30% to the local market, 25% to a wholesale market, 5% retail
10	Access to health services	About 60% is hard to reach. There is only one Puskesmas (Publict Health Center) per sub-district	About 80% access to Posyandu (integrated Service Post), village midwife, health center, and hospital.
11	Access to educational services	Only 2% have higher education, 20% secondary, and 75% have elementary	About 10% have tertiary education, 40% are in middle school, and 50% have elementary schooling
12	Information access	Only 35% internet access, limited cellular network, and blank spots	65% internet access, 75% good access to the network, and 25% not good.
13	Access to Capital	Family (85%), bank (10%), dealer (3%), and moneylender (2%)	Families (53%), cooperatives (30%), banks (10%), traders (5%), and investors (2%)
14	Access to employment or business	70% in agriculture, forestry, plantation, and animal husbandry. 15% trading (stalls and distribution. 3% palm sugar craftsmen, 3% construction workers, 2% transportation services, 2% government employees, 2% local migrant workers, and 1% international migrant workers.	60% in the agricultural sector. 17% trading (basketball stalls, convenience stores, traveling sellers. 5% chips artisans, furniture, workshops, cell phone counters, convection, rice stalls, transportation, logistics, and retail fuel. 5% material shops, distributors, and sawmills. 2 % construction workers, 2% civil servants, 5% local migrant workers, 1% international migrants
15	Access to food: Sources of carbohydrates (rice) and protein (meat, eggs, fish)	80% of carbohydrate sources (rice) are self-produced. 90% of protein sources are purchased from stalls and markets.	60% of rice is self-produced. 90% of protein sources are purchased from markets, stalls, and mobile vendors.
16	Energy access (Electricity, oil, gas, and vehicle fuel)	Only 65% have direct access to electricity, and the rest are attached. 80% still use firewood. 40% of fuel access to gas stations, the rest to retailers.	85% access to electricity directly, the rest stuck. 60% use firewood, and 40% firewood and gas. 80% BBM access to mini gas stations.
17	Access to clean water: Drinking water and water for MCK)	Easy, because 80% of settlements are in valleys	It is relatively complicated in the dry season because 80% of settlements are on the ridge.

 

 

 

plagrisim certification or approval need to be provided by author after final revision. 

qualtiy of english language need to be approved by editor. 

 Response:

Thank you. We will check plagiarism after final revision.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Round 3

Reviewer 2 Report

Your efforts, along with those of your colleagues, are commendable. It is evident that meticulous attention has been paid to each point in your article to enhance the quality of writing. Such dedication to detail contributes to the overall coherence and scholarly rigor of your work

You have indicated that more than 20 interviews were conducted in your research. To enhance the transparency and credibility of your findings, it is essential to provide detailed information on at least six of these interviews. I kindly request that you include the entire interviewing results and coding section as an appendix to the document. This addition will not only strengthen the validity of your work but also allow readers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the methodology and insights derived from the interviews.

 

 

needs to be improve

needs to verify with journals' criteria

Author Response

Dear Reviewer 2.

We have updated the revision according to the example (Attachment file)

Best regards

Authors

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf