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Review

Sustainable Countermeasures for Skin Health Improvement for Green Consumers: The Utilization of Hsian-Tsao during Global Warming

by
Jinkyung Lee
1 and
Ki Han Kwon
2,3,*
1
Department of Beauty and Health Care, Namseoul University, Cheonan 31020, Republic of Korea
2
Division of Beauty Arts Care, Department of Beauty Arts Care, Graduate School, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
3
College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14619; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914619
Submission received: 15 August 2023 / Revised: 12 September 2023 / Accepted: 18 September 2023 / Published: 9 October 2023
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Abstract

:
Recently, the seriousness of global warming has become increasingly prominent worldwide. In this study, Hsian-tsao, a safe, heat-resistant ingredient that can be eaten and applied, and its extract products were examined for their potential applicability as a countermeasure for problems that may arise in the skin due to global warming. This includes being flexible and responsive to changes in consumer demand due to global warming. Furthermore, regarding global warming, the scientific community is considering ways to mitigate heat stress in humans and animals, and we hope to provide key data for future exploration. Although this review is a narrative review, we conducted a systematic review and searched sources such as PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar according to PRISMA flow chart guidelines and using a chain of search words such as “global warming”, “green industry”, “Hsian-tsao”, “heat resistance”, “skin health”, “cosmetics”, and “consumer”. Accordingly, we searched a total of 1231 studies and selected 107 studies in the final stage. Considering the sustainability and safeness of Hsian-tsao, further studies to help mitigate human heat stress caused by global warming and evaluate its impact on beauty and health should analyze its utilization and reflect consumer needs that can contribute to the green industry. Therefore, in a situation where the growth of the green industry is urgently needed due to the acceleration of global warming, additional research is necessary on inner-beauty materials and heat-resistant plants that lower the temperature in line with future preparations for continuous global warming. Accordingly, the science community and nutrition, inner beauty, and cosmetics industries seem likely to bring more interest to the green industry, and this trend will continue in the future. We hope that Hsian-tsao will be used in a variety of skin health strategies and nutritional approaches to global warming and heat resistance.

1. Introduction

Recently, the severity of global warming has increased worldwide. Because global warming is caused by an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2), increased emissions of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, and methane due to human activities are becoming a problem. There is general agreement that these increased emissions are causing a rapid rise in global surface temperatures around the world, which results in increased global warming, creating a greenhouse effect. Indeed, CO2 has increased steadily over the past 30 years. Global temperatures have risen by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, reflecting atmospheric warming, shrinking glaciers, and rising sea levels [1,2,3,4,5].
Further, the human body is constantly exchanging heat with the environment, and human thermoregulation is associated with wide-ranging changes in environmental conditions [6]. In humans, the autonomic nervous system is activated in response to metabolic or environmental disturbances to the heat balance. This initiates cutaneous vasodilation and eccrine perspiration. Namely, an increased percentage of dry skin on the body surface is primarily convective and radiative and experiences evaporative transfer. However, absolute heat loss is ultimately determined by the characteristics of the skin and environment [7]. Importantly, climate-change-related factors affect the ability of the skin to maintain homeostasis and cause a variety of skin diseases. For example, stratospheric ozone depletion is mainly caused by ultraviolet (UV) exposure, which increases the risk of melanoma and keratinocyte carcinoma, and it is also reported to be associated with increased air pollution. Related skin diseases are atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, pemphigus, acne, melasma, and photoaging [7,8]. In addition, as the global pandemic continues, awareness of the resulting economic downturn and environmental issues is growing. As a result, consumers are looking for more sustainable, safe, and efficient ways to use products and services. As concerns about climate change grow, the younger generation’s views are also changing. Focusing on good consumption, a new paradigm of their own is emerging [9,10,11,12]. The environmental problems that are increasing in importance worldwide and the reality of the beauty industry must be evaluated accordingly to present a realistic development direction. For example, the production and use of e-commerce packaging, which has become widespread in recent years, is becoming a more immediate environmental problem due to the increase in online purchases. These issues have also increased their impact on the environment. As humanity faces climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, and the destruction of air, soil, water, and ecosystems, the climate and environmental crisis will be one of the greatest challenges in human history. As a result, consumers have become more focused on good consumption and ingredients. Accordingly, this trend is gradually spreading from vegan food to vegan cosmetics [13]. Recently, the importance of the green industry has been emphasized according to the situation of the times. The green industry refers to the production of goods that can increase the efficiency of energy and resources and improve the environment through economic activities such as finance, construction, transportation, logistics, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, and tourism. It includes all industries that seek to achieve low-carbon green growth through the provision of services [14,15]. It refers to policies prepared by heads of related central administrative agencies to realize a green economy by strengthening the soundness and competitiveness of the national economy and discovering and nurturing new green industries with great growth potential. In particular, the revitalization of green development and agriculture will be a major task in solving climate change and environmental pollution [16]. To help achieve low-carbon green growth by increasing plant consumption, more efforts should be made to expand heat-resistant plants and develop new materials as a countermeasure against global warming. The heat resistance of a plant refers to the ability of a plant to grow at a high temperature and differs depending on the species or growth conditions [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Plants have an optimum temperature for growth depending on the species. A plant grows well at that temperature, but growth is suppressed, or the plant withers at higher temperatures. This growth is determined by the regulation of respiration and photosynthetic metabolism, which are important for plant growth. Moreover, plants that live in shaded areas in alpine regions cannot survive in high temperatures, while plants that live in areas with high temperatures, such as deserts, have relatively high heat resistance. With this in mind, heat-resistant components that can be used to prepare for global warming in the face of environmental problems are needed [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32].
Accordingly, we researched plants that lower heat and heat-resistant plants. For example, Seoncho, a heat-resistant and heat-lowering plant, is not well-known in Korea. It is a perennial plant (Mesona procumbens) of the Lamiaceae family that grows in Taiwan. In Chinese characters, its name is Seoncho. The leaves are extracted with alkali to obtain the gum (ionic heteroglycans) used to make a dessert. The leaves can also be sun-dried to make xianchao tea. Seoncho leaf extracts have been reported to have antioxidant and antimutagenic properties [33,34,35,36].
In this study, Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl.), a safe, heat-resistant ingredient that can be eaten and applied, and its extract products were examined for their potential applicability as a countermeasure for problems that may arise in the skin due to global warming. This includes being flexible and responsive to changes in consumer demand due to global warming. Furthermore, with global warming, the scientific community is considering ways to mitigate heat stress in humans and animals, and we hope to provide key data for future research.

2. Materials and Methods

Although this review is a narrative review, we conducted a systematic review by individually setting the relevant keywords according to the PRISMA flow chart guidelines. The search method is as follows. We searched PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and medical-related databases using a chain of search terms such as “global warming”, “Hsian-tsao”, “heat resistance”, “skin health”, “cosmetics”, “green industry”, and “consumer”. Accordingly, a total of 1231 documents were searched, and 107 documents were selected in the final step. Of the final 107 papers, 31 reviews and 86 papers were included and are indicated as PRISMA in Figure 1. Figure 1 depicts a flow diagram of the process of finding and selecting studies for inclusion in this literature review.
A model diagram of the study can also be found in Figure 2.

2.1. Search Strategy

This study is a comprehensive literature review that involved searching publications from 1978 to 2023 in the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar databases. Our search algorithm was as follows: [(‘global warming’ OR ‘health’ OR ‘skin health’ OR ‘Hsian-tsao’ OR ‘heat resistance’ OR ‘consumers’ OR ‘healthy skin’ OR ‘edible ingredients’ OR ‘cosmetic’ OR ‘customized cosmetic’ OR ‘inner beauty’ OR ‘green industry’) AND (global warming skin problems according to)]. To secure the relevance of the study, terms were searched and proceeded.

2.2. Study Selection

Studies were considered eligible in accordance with the following process: First, it was confirmed that the studies included quantitative data. Second, the titles were obtained and reviewed. Third, studies with only abstracts were excluded. In addition, after reviewing the abstracts of archived papers, all studies were evaluated according to the inclusion criteria. In this way, quality evaluations were repeatedly conducted. Ultimately, the tool identified 107 items. Furthermore, not all entries were suitable for all studies. In this case, only the relevant items were deleted, and then the analysis was re-executed.

2.3. Data Extraction and Management

We extracted data using a standardized data-extraction form. These included the study’s focus (i.e., skin problems with global warming and the heat-resistance efficacy of Hsian-tsao), global warming and green industry, exposure (type of use of Hsian-tsao), country, age group, sex, study design, and reported measurements (independent variables). Outcome measures were also included. The extraction form was tested to ensure the standardization of the data collection. Accordingly, the extracted data were reviewed.

2.4. Characteristics of the Included Studies

Global warming and consumer desire for safe ingredients are summarized in Table 1. This suggests that there have been major changes in the inner beauty and cosmetics markets to reflect consumer needs. In addition, the contents of global warming and skin problems are summarized in Table 2. This represents a skin care problem due to global warming. Heat resistance and the skin healing potential of Hsian-tsao extract are summarized in Table 3. This suggests the possibility of developing safe edible ingredients of the ancestor (Mesona chinensis Benth.) extract. Heat-resistant components and plant studies are summarized in Table 4. This indicates the well-known heat resistance of plants containing betaine and curcumin.

3. Results

3.1. Changes in Consumer Needs Due to Accelerating Global Warming

Environmental degradation is one of the most serious problems affecting our lives and those of future generations. Today, environmental destruction and sustainability are emerging as the most urgent issues, and green industries are at the center of these issues. Accordingly, awareness of all issues related to a greener environment will continue to rise, and it has been confirmed that individuals cite environmental issues as a major issue [16,17,51]. In short, people all over the world are taking environmental destruction very seriously. As a result of this phenomenon, awareness of green industries is emerging, and consumption patterns are changing [14,52]. People are becoming increasingly more environmentally conscious [17], so the seriousness of environmental problems is being confirmed. As consumers recognize the seriousness of environmental problems, industry is changing as well. There are more and more companies practicing green-environment and green-industry-friendly practices, which, indeed, have become a requirement. The increase in these practices is believed to be due to an increased desire to find and purchase services and products from these companies [16,53]. Therefore, concern for the environment has become a major consideration in individual consumption decisions [51,54,55,56,57,58].
Concerns about the global environment due to global warming are a serious reality. Global warming is related to greenhouse gases generated by the increase in industrial activities necessary for modern life. For this reason, strategies are needed to control these unwanted developments. This situation has a tremendous impact on contemporary life and will bring about change. However, the actual cause of this problem may not be resolved; therefore, countermeasures are needed. Accordingly, this change in consumer awareness emphasizes safer edible products and sustainable safety that are mindful of the environment and the earth [12,59]. One study assessing the public knowledge and potential health impacts of global warming in Ghana surveyed Ghanaian adults (N = 1130) from 1 November 2018, to 28 February 2019, and found a consistent result that approximately 84.4% of the respondents understood the meaning of global warming. The causes of global warming, as recognized by the respondents, were as follows: a natural process, deforestation, God’s will, and fossil fuel burning and CO2. Furthermore, 83.4% of respondents answered that global warming affects human health, while only 8.5% said that it does not. Approximately 78.6% answered that they support efforts to reduce the intensity of global warming. These results confirm useful insights for policy direction. Accordingly, communication strategies to increase and maintain public awareness and the education of citizens on global warming are needed [60]. Various ongoing studies have shown that global warming has serious negative impacts on human health and poses a significant risk worldwide. CO2-responsible heavy greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption from fossil fuels can cause fatal problems for humans. To this point, most Americans report a general awareness that global warming may be harmful to health. However, relatively few people understand what kind of damage global warming could cause or who is most likely to be affected [61,62,63,64,65].
Specifically, an increase in temperature due to global warming causes disturbances of skin microorganisms, including conditions such as atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, and psoriasis. High temperatures are also associated with the exacerbation of skin diseases and increased risk of heat stroke. They also act on abnormal weather phenomena caused by climate change, such as floods and forest fires. These events have been associated with acute exacerbation of skin injuries, skin infections, and inflammatory skin diseases [4]. In addition, since the outbreak of COVID-19, various studies have been conducted on skin health to promote health, healthy eating habits, and sustainable safety [10,11,12]. Some studies on the topics of global warming and consumer desire for safe ingredients are shown in Table 1.

3.2. Consumer Desire for Safe Ingredients and Skin Health

Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect that includes high levels of atmospheric gases, particularly CO2 and methane. This situation directly threatens human health and survival. In particular, the ability to withstand extreme heat varies from person to person. As human skin is an organ responsible for heat dissipation, dermatologists must have a clear understanding of the physiology of skin heat dissipation [66], as the thermoregulatory response of the skin may be impaired. To explain, when the external temperature is lower than that of the skin, the skin releases internal heat through direct heat exchange with the environment. This process is aided by the expansion of skin blood flow and eccrine perspiration. In this process, cooling through sweat evaporation is relevant even when the external temperature exceeds the skin temperature, which affects the ability of the skin to regulate body temperature. Therefore, heat-related morbidity increases, and fever also increases mortality. Identifying these conditions on an individual basis will become increasingly important in the skin care of patients. As awareness of environmental issues has increased, recent research has shown that consumers are increasingly demanding eco-friendly transportation innovations. As such, consumer behavior research cannot be mentioned except for green innovation. Further, as the importance of consumer innovativeness (CI) and green awareness in green consumption is increasingly emphasized in this regard, several studies on environmentally friendly behavior have investigated the attitude–behavior relationship of consumers [37,67].
Specifically, consumers are paying more attention to the ingredients in food and beauty products to make healthier eating decisions. They are also focusing on the health and safety of their purchasing decisions as well as their environmental impact. Consumers are also increasingly thinking about the environment because of the changes in daily life caused by COVID-19 and environmental changes following the spread of live commerce. As a result, new changes are taking place in the beauty and cosmetics market. Recently, consumers have clearly expressed their need for vegan cosmetics, which include good ingredients and cosmetics, as environmental problems grow, which emphasizes the need for consumers in the beauty and cosmetics industry to pursue good consumption in consideration of the global COVID-19 pandemic [9,10,11,12,13]. Table 2 summarizes journal articles from our literature review discussing global warming and the skin problems that will occur [39,40,41,42,44,68].

3.3. Healing Properties of Hsian-Tsao in Response to Heat-Induced Skin Damage

Global warming has led the scientific community to consider ways to mitigate heat stress in humans and animals. Heat resistance refers to the ability to withstand high temperatures without deformation or deterioration and involves, for example, the function and shape of a material. In one study, changes in heat stress in Drosophila melanogaster were evaluated using Hsian-tsao extract (HTE) [33,69,70], and the physiological and molecular mechanisms were described. It was confirmed that the killing time for 50% of female flies that were fed HTE was much longer than that of male flies at the same heat-stress temperature and that the survival time of females under high-temperature stress was significantly higher in the HTE-fed group compared with the non-HTE-fed group. It was also found that when acutely exposed to 36° for 30 min every day, heat curing greatly extended the lifespan of females. In addition, without heat curing, HTE increased the antioxidant capacity of females under heat stress as well as catalase (CAT) activity, which was associated with the hydroxyl radical (OH−) and superoxide anion (O2−). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the inhibition of·O2− were significantly affected by heat curing in the group that was not fed HTE. CAT and SOD activity and the inhibition of O2− were also affected by heat curing. It was also confirmed that after heat exposure, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was upregulated only in the group with high levels of HTE compared with the group that had not been fed HTE [33].
In addition, one study that evaluated the effect of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl.) and its polysaccharides on damaged wound healing in diabetes found that the crude polysaccharide of the water extract (WEP) exerted a strong inhibitory effect on methylglyoxal (MG)-induced glycosylation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, EE and WEP reduced MG-induced inflammation-related factors in RAW 264.7 macrophages, higher MG-damaged wound-healing factors in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, and EE and WEP enhanced phagocytosis impaired by MG in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a dose-dependent manner. However, the primary finding was that EE and WEP exerted tissue-inhibitory regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) protein expression; accordingly, the wound healing of the skin was also greatly improved. Therefore, Hsian-tsao extract and its polysaccharide were found to have potential as an alternative natural therapy to promote wound healing in diabetic patients [34]. Table 3 summarizes the research on heat resistance and the skin healing potential of Hsian-Tsao (Mesona chinensis Benth.) extract.
Studies on global warming have shown that it is caused by extreme temperatures and other stresses. This suggests that Hsps are important components of an organism’s resistance mechanism. These proteins function as molecular chaperones that support the maintenance of cellular protein structures. Members of the Hsp70 family mitigate cellular damage in D. melanogaster under heat stress [71]; this fact has been recognized for more than two centuries. It has also been shown that high levels of Hsp70 in Drosophila are due to high levels of thermotolerance. In addition to Hsp70, heat stress increases lipid oxidation, which enhances ROS and induces oxidative stress within cells. Antioxidant enzymes, including CAT and SOD, are important in protecting cells from the harmful effects of ROS. The synthesis of these enzymes may also be an important regulator of an animal’s stress response, which is an endogenous oxidative defense system. Overexpression of SOD and CAT genes increases the lifespan of D. Therefore, the induction of Hsp70 and the production of antioxidant enzymes have been summarized as potential regulatory factors that improve heat resistance under heat stress [72].

3.4. Inner Beauty and Cosmetic Applicability of Hsian-Tsao Extract

Around the world, nutrition has been used to enhance youth and beauty. Recently, the link between nutrition and skin aging has become an area of interest. Accordingly, consumers have recently judged that beauty and health are related, consider nutrition important for skin beauty and aging, and use various inner beauty products. To this point, the superoxide radical scavenging effect and Fe2+ chelating ability of Hsian-tsao (Mesona chinensis Benth.) extract were found to be superior to those of alpha-tocopherol and BHT. Hsian-tsao leaf black chelated Fe2+ and scavenged alpha, alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Comparisons were made with commercially available antioxidants, and Hsian-tsao leaf gum showed a lesser scavenging effect on DPPH radicals and reduced power. In addition, the protective effect of Hsian-tsao water extract (WEHT) against DNA damage in human lymphocytes was evaluated using single-cell electrophoresis (comet assay) induced with UV-C and/or H2O2, and no toxicity of WEHT to human lymphocytes was found. Additionally, WEHT did not cause DNA damage at low concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL. However, it was found to cause slight DNA damage at concentrations of 0.5–2.5 mg/mL compared with the control group. WEHT was also mixed with H2O2 for reaction and exerted a slight inhibitory effect on DNA damage induced by H2O2. WEHT and lymphocytes were irradiated with UV-C and incubated for 35 min. Accordingly, the concentration of WEHT increased, and DNA damage decreased. Therefore, it can be confirmed that WEHT can reduce DNA damage caused by UV-C. In addition, WEHT had a more protective effect against UV-C than DNA damage caused by H2O2. Thus, the protective effect of WEHT against DNA damage was confirmed. This may be because polyphenolic compounds contain other active ingredients [18]. Inner beauty and heat-resistant plants that can be applied cosmetically are also being studied in various ways. Research on other heat-resistant ingredients and plants is summarized in Table 4 [43,45,46,47,48,49,50].

4. Discussion

4.1. Main Findings

This systematic review is the first report to highlight the potential use of heat-tolerant xianchao plants as part of a green industry to combat global warming and improve skin care. Given the necessity of the green industry’s growth due to the acceleration of global warming, further research is needed on inner-beauty materials and heat-resistant plants that lower the temperature in line with future preparations for continuous global warming. This topic will attract more interest to the scientific community and the nutrition, inner beauty, and cosmetics industries in the future, and this trend will continue.

4.2. Necessity of the Green Industry Due to the Effect of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Human Health

Greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are warming the Earth. Global warming, caused by increasing carbon emissions, has captured the attention of the global population. Carbon emissions mainly refer to greenhouse gas emissions generated during the production, transportation, use, and recycling of products. These environmental changes will require humans to better cope with climate problems and resolve the contradictions between environmental and economic growth. Therefore, a low-carbon transition is essential. Additionally, in these environments, warming is slowed as anthropogenic heat is absorbed by the ocean. These climate systems become unbalanced as radiation increases [38,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80]. This situation is changing the dynamics of Earth’s ecosystems and poses a threat to public health. The recent heat wave in the United States showed a similar situation. Climate change is expected to increase morbidity and mortality due to heat stress. In addition to pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurological, and occupational diseases, the incidence of vector-borne diseases is increasing in humans. An earlier 2001 study also found that warming was causing many of the observed changes that have already occurred in the environment, for example, the thinning of polar ice caps. A similar study was recently conducted by the US Global Studies Program, which was established to coordinate research activities in response to issues deemed important by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. As a result, the scientific theory regarding the greenhouse effect was confirmed, as temperature measurements at various atmospheric levels and latitudes were demonstrated. As climate change problems become more serious, various industries will need to make changes. For example, in the context of energy constraints, changes in energy factors will have a significant impact on national and regional green innovation. This can be understood as related to the impact on biota redistribution. Accordingly, the Kyoto Protocol mandated specific solutions, such as reducing CO2 levels by 7% by 2011 [1,73,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92]. Fossil fuel economies, population growth, and the consequent industrialization worldwide further increase the importance of green industries as they regard land use, urbanization, and agricultural productivity. Therefore, studies have shown that obesity prevalence due to excessive greenhouse gas emissions and nutritional shifts have an impact on global warming. Obesity is emerging as a major health problem, and various studies are being conducted on it. These results suggest that physical inactivity and global warming will have a direct impact on obesity through food supply, price shocks, and adaptive thermogenesis. The obesity epidemic will also contribute to global warming due to increased energy consumption. Consumers, therefore, want to promote active lifestyles and policies that support the deployment of clean and sustainable energy sources along with green industries. Accordingly, it will be necessary to develop new materials for inner beauty and cosmetics in line with new human lifestyles and consumption propensities in consideration of global warming and the green industry [9,10,11,12,13,14,60].

4.3. Global Warming and Plant Cultivation

The relationship between global warming and plant cultivation can be summarized as follows. First, a vegetarian diet can reduce environmental destruction and increase carbon uptake by plants. However, heat stress caused by global warming can also cause problems with food security. Plants, which are sessile species, have evolved a variety of mechanisms to cope with disruption of cellular homeostasis, which can hinder their growth and development. Therefore, plant cultivation should be further increased in response to global warming [9,10,11,12,13,43]. Second, it is important to select and cultivate appropriate plants. As a result of global warming, plants’ flowering periods and distribution are changing. Correspondingly, it is necessary to grow suitable plants and develop varieties that can adapt to climate change. Third, it is necessary to develop new varieties that prevent human heat stress and find various uses for them. Heat-resistant plants are plants that adapt well to high temperatures and prevent photorespiration, which reduces the photosynthetic efficiency of plants by releasing carbon dioxide in the presence of light. They can also lower heat stress in humans and animals. These plants are known to contain betaine, curcumin, and polyphenols, and various studies are being conducted on them, as shown in Table 4 [43,46,47,48,49,50].

4.4. Why Use Hsian-Tsao Plants against Global Warming and for Skin Health?

Various plants such as beets, spinach, wheat, mushrooms, turmeric, and ginger have become popular and are being recognized as heat-resistant plants. Nevertheless, research is still lacking, and the need for research and development on them is increasing. The purpose of such research is to achieve the growth of the green industry through the development of noteworthy new materials. For example, Seoncho, a heat-resistant plant, is not yet well-known in Korea but is native to Taiwan, also called Liangfen Cao or black cincau, and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Its leaves are known to be versatile enough to be used as desserts. Additionally, Hsian-tsao is a plant mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions such as Taiwan, southern China, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Burma. In summer, it is also used in Hsian-tsao tea and herbal jelly. In particular, in winter, heated herbal jelly is a plant loved by many Taiwanese for its scent and taste. In Indonesia, it is also used as an herbal drink and jelly-type dessert. Hsian-tsao is used as a medicinal ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine and folk medicine. It is known to be effective in treating heat shock, high blood pressure, diabetes, liver disease, and muscle and joint pain. However, it has not yet become popular worldwide. It contains many polyphenols, so it is also involved in antioxidant functions, and it is considered an important plant for skin health amid global warming. Accordingly, it has been evaluated to have high potential as an inner beauty and cosmetic material [33,34,35,36,51,52,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100].

4.5. What Is Already Known about This Topic, and What Does This Study Add?

In previous reviews, several studies have been conducted to show that Hsian-tsao extract improves the thermotolerance of Drosophila melanogaster and enhances the antioxidant activity of leaf gum. In addition, research has been conducted on Hsian-tsao because it contains polysaccharides (gum) with a unique flavor and texture, and many studies have investigated Hsian-tsao gum. Research on the scent of Hsian-tsao has also been conducted. However, there has been no prior research on the development of inner beauty or nutritional cosmetics materials for strong skin and beauty to promote sustainability amid global warming. To this point, Hsian-tsao extract demonstrates antioxidant properties using polyphenols and skin health potential to combat the effects of global warming; initial evidence for this effect was recently published. Therefore, and in consideration of the research showing that Hsian-tsao (Mesona chinensis Benth.) extract improves the heat resistance of D. melanogaster, the study of Hsian-tsao has implications for the development of customized inner-beauty and cosmetics products [33,34,35,36,51,52,101,102,103,104,105,106,107].

4.6. Limitations of This Study

Although this study systematically emphasizes the relevance of the study of Hsian-tsao, it has several limitations. The systematic review work is based on an algorithm that has been tested and recalibrated many times to obtain consistent, reliable, and relevant scientific articles with key findings. However, despite this standardized analysis, we recognize that there are three limitations. First, the small number of articles is a limitation; this is reflected in the fact that no research on Hsian-tsao has yet been published. Second, further research is warranted because the recent development has not been confirmed as the subject of any official scientific publication. Third, a systematic review was utilized as the framework. Despite its use within the workplace, it was difficult to connect due to the lack of research on skin health and green industries following global warming. In addition, studies on the applicability and side effects of Hsian-tsao are lacking. For example, some factors related to inner beauty and cosmetics could not be clarified in the literature review because studies on the green industry and heat resistance were conducted. Therefore, additional studies on heat-resistant ingredients to use amid global warming should be continuously conducted on herbal ingredients and in consideration of their relevance to the skin.

5. Conclusions

The purpose of this paper is to review problems that may occur on the skin due to global warming and to address them by organizing heat-resistant ingredients that can respond to them. As global warming progresses around the world, awareness of customized inner beauty and cosmetics products for sustainable, safe, and healthy skin, hair, and beauty is increasing, and the need for the development of global green business is emerging. Although previous systematic reviews have reported mixed results, our findings reflect a new vision. This systematic review is the first to highlight the potential use of thermotolerant plants as part of the green industry to combat global warming and improve our skin. Specifically, we report that the sustainable and safe use of Hsian-tsao will serve as a key resource for alleviating human heat stress caused by global warming and highlight the importance of evaluating its impact on beauty and health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the utility of Hsian-tsao and reflect consumer needs, which can contribute to the growth of the green industry.
In a situation where the growth of the green industry is desperately needed because of the acceleration of global warming, additional research is needed on inner-beauty materials and heat-resistant plants that lower temperatures in preparation for continued global warming in the future. As a result, interest in industries such as science, nutrition, inner beauty, and cosmetics is expected to increase further. We hope that Hsian-tsao will be utilized in various skin health strategies and nutritional approaches to respond to global warming and increase heat tolerance.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.L. and K.H.K.; methodology, J.L.; software, J.L.; validation, J.L. and K.H.K.; formal analysis, J.L.; investigation, J.L.; resources, J.L.; data curation, J.L.; writing—original draft preparation, J.L.; writing—review and editing, J.L.; visualization, J.L.; supervision, K.H.K.; project administration, J.L.; funding acquisition, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sustainability 15 14619 g001
Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram.
Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram.
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Figure 2. Research model diagram.
Figure 2. Research model diagram.
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Table 1. Global warming and consumer desire for safe ingredients.
Table 1. Global warming and consumer desire for safe ingredients.
AuthorTitleJournal NameDiscussion
Nguyen et al.
(2016) [37]		Determinants influencing conservation behavior: Perceptions of Vietnamese consumersJ Consumer BehaviourIt has influenced consumer conservation behavior. The most influential determinants were PCE, ecological effectiveness, concern for the environment, and moral obligations.
An et al.
(2018) [38]		Global warming and obesity: a systematic reviewObes RevPopulation growth and industrialization affect land use and urbanization, motor transport, and agricultural productivity; consequently, global warming is due to excessive greenhouse gas emissions and the obesity epidemic due to nutrient shifts and physical inactivity. Accordingly, consumers need safe ingredients to prevent obesity.
Lee et al.
(2022) [13]		Good ingredients from foods to vegan cosmetics after COVID-19 pandemicJ Cosmet DermatolAs environmental issues have grown since the COVID-19 pandemic, consumers’ needs are focusing on vegan cosmetics with good ingredients and good cosmetics.
So & Kwon
(2023) [11]		Nutritional Approaches of the Changing Consumer after the Pandemic: Sustainable Potential of Phytoene and Phytofluene for Photoprotection and Skin HealthSustainabilityFrom the nutritional point of view of consumers, identifying sustainable endogenous nutrients for long-term healthy skin wants to graft onto the skin.
Table 2. Global-warming skin problems.
Table 2. Global-warming skin problems.
Global-Warming ProblemSkin ProblemAuthorTitleJournal NameDiscussion
Increased UV raysDNA damage and cutaneous cancerKhandelwal et al. (2020) [39]Cutaneous Cancer BiologyOtolaryngol Clin North AmThere has been a drastic increase in the incidence of nonmelanoma (NMSC), including squamous, basal cell, and melanoma skin cancers worldwide.
Skin agingAnsary et al. (2021) [40]Inflammatory Molecules Associated with Ultraviolet Radiation-Mediated Skin AgingInt J Mol SciUltraviolet radiation (UVR) is a source of circulating inflammatory molecules that accelerate skin aging and lead to age-related diseases.
PigmentationGeisler et al. (2021) [41]Visible light. Part II: Photoprotection against visible and ultraviolet lightJ Am Acad DermatolVisible light (VL) constitutes 50% of the electromagnetic radiation reaching the Earth’s surface and, as discussed in Part I of this CME, has skin biological effects such as pigmentation and erythema.
Skin infection caused by abnormal temperatureMalignant tick infectionWennerås et al. (2023) [42]Infection with Neoehrlichia mikurensis promotes the development of malignant B-cell lymphomasBr J HaematolThe tick-borne pathogen Neoehrlichia (N.) mikurensis is implicated in persistent infection of the vascular endothelium.
Jellyfish stingLakhani et al. (2020) [43]Toxic jellyfish in Thailand Int Marit HealthStings range from mild skin irritation to severe systemic symptoms that can lead to death.
MalariaMilner Jr. (2018) [44]Malaria PathogenesisCold Spring Harb Perspect MedHuman clinical disease (e.g., fever, anemia, coma) is the result of pre-programmed parasite biology in concert with human pathophysiological responses. Caveats and inferences that add variation to this host–parasite interaction include parasite genetic diversity in key proteins, co-infections, comorbidities, treatment delays, human polymorphisms, and environmental determinants.
Table 3. Research on heat resistance and skin healing potential of Hsian-Tsao extract.
Table 3. Research on heat resistance and skin healing potential of Hsian-Tsao extract.
AuthorTitleJournal NameDiscussion
Yen et al.
(2000) [35]		Protective effect of extracts of Mesona procumbens Hemsl. on DNA damage in human lymphocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide and UV irradiationFood Chem ToxicolWEHT can reduce DNA damage caused by UV-C and has more protective effects against UV-C than DNA damage caused by H2O2.
Lai et al.
(2001) [45]		Studies on the antioxidative activities of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl.) leaf gumJ Agric Food ChemHsian-tsao leaf gum appears to be more effective at chelating Fe2+ and scavenging superoxide radicals than it is at scavenging alpha, alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In addition, superoxide radical scavenging and Fe2+ chelating ability were superior to those of alpha-tocopherol and BHT.
Fan et al.
(2021) [34]		Effects of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl.) extracts and its polysaccharides on the promotion of wound healing under diabetes-like conditionsFood FunctTissue of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) protein expression in the evaluation of the effect of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl.) and its polysaccharides on impaired wound healing in diabetes. Inhibitor control significantly improved wound healing on the back skin.
Huang et al.
(2022) [33]		Hsian-Tsao (Mesona chinensis Benth.) Extract Improves the Thermal Tolerance of Drosophila melanogasterFront NutrLethal times for 50% of HTE-fed female flies were significantly longer than those of male flies at the same heat-stress temperature. Survival time of females under high-temperature stress was significantly increased in the HTE-fed group compared to the non-HTE-fed group. Thermal curing by acute exposure to 36 °C can significantly extend the lifespan of females.
Table 4. Research on heat-resistant ingredients and plants.
Table 4. Research on heat-resistant ingredients and plants.
IngredientRepresentative PlantAuthorTitleJournal NameDiscussion
BetaineBeet, Spinach, Wheat, MushroomMendoza et al. (2017) [46]Effects of dietary supplementation of the osmolyte betaine on growing pig performance and serological and hematological indices during thermoneutral and heat-stressed conditionsJ Anim SciHeat stress reduced growth, disturbed ion balance, and increased markers of muscle damage. Betaine had a minor impact on alleviating heat stress except for the early days of heat exposure. The beneficial effect of betaine was diminished by pig adaptation.
Lakhani et al. (2020) [43]Effect of betaine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient intake and expression of IGF-1 in Karan Fries heifers during thermal stressTheriogenologyHeat stress hampers nutrient utilization and production of animals, and dietary betaine supplementation can mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress on animals and improve their productivity.
Willingham et al. (2022) [47]Betaine Supplementation May Improve Heat Tolerance: Potential Mechanisms in HumansNutrientsBetaine has been demonstrated to increase tolerance to hypertonic and thermal stressors. At the cellular level, intracellular betaine functions similarly to molecular chaperones, thereby reducing the need for inducible heat shock protein expression.
CurcuminCurcuma longa, gingerSahin et al. (2012) [48]Curcumin ameliorates heat stress via inhibition of oxidative stress and modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in quailFood Chem ToxicolCurcumin, a natural polyphenol in the turmeric spice, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the mechanism of action of curcumin to alleviate oxidative stress in quail subjected to high-temperature stress was identified.
Chen et al. (2017) [49]Curcumin supplementation increases survival and lifespan in Drosophila under heat stress conditionsBiofactorsCurcumin (CUR) supplementation increased the survival of turtles under heat stress (HS).
Kpomasse et al. (2023) [50]Juvenile growth, thermotolerance and gut histomorphology of broiler chickens fed Curcuma longa under hot-humid environmentsHeliyonDietary supplementation of Curcuma longa powder, especially at 8 g/kg diet, improved intestinal morphology in broilers in hot and humid environments, resulting in improved antioxidant status, thermotolerance, and nutrient absorption.
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Lee, J.; Kwon, K.H. Sustainable Countermeasures for Skin Health Improvement for Green Consumers: The Utilization of Hsian-Tsao during Global Warming. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14619. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914619

AMA Style

Lee J, Kwon KH. Sustainable Countermeasures for Skin Health Improvement for Green Consumers: The Utilization of Hsian-Tsao during Global Warming. Sustainability. 2023; 15(19):14619. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914619

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Lee, Jinkyung, and Ki Han Kwon. 2023. "Sustainable Countermeasures for Skin Health Improvement for Green Consumers: The Utilization of Hsian-Tsao during Global Warming" Sustainability 15, no. 19: 14619. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914619

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