Research on Value Evaluation and Impact Mechanism of Water Ecological Services in Mountainous Cities: A Case Study of Xiangxi Prefecture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Processing
2.2. Methodology
2.3. Evaluation Index and Value Calculation of Water Ecological Function
2.4. Geographic Detector
3. Results
3.1. Indirect Use Value
3.2. Analysis of the Type and Intensity of Factors Affecting the Value of Each Service
- (1)
- Precipitation (X2): The multi-year average rainfall is identified as the key factor affecting the service function of the water ecosystem. It is shown that the regional natural environment is not only an important factor in water ecosystem, but also the leading factor determining its spatial difference. The terrain differentiation characteristics of Xiangxi Prefecture are obvious. The high-altitude areas are concentrated in the Wuling mountains with more than 1000 m. It is rainy and abundant in spring and summerAlso, the multi-year average rainfall is about 20 billion cubic meters. Rainfall is the main driving factor and limiting factor of soil respiration. Too dry soil will inhibit the progress of respiration. Based on the relevant data of each county, it can be seen that the obvious characteristics of undulating mountains, more precipitation, and humid climate in high-altitude areas is the decisive factor affecting water ecosystem services.
- (2)
- Resident population (X4): According to the factor detection model, there is a significant correlation between the number of the resident population and the maintenance of the water ecosystem. From the perspective of positive influencing factors, for example, the educational value of water ecological culture in Jishou City ranks second, which is closely related to wetland education based on frequent human activities. From the perspective of negative impact, in the process of new urbanization, the resident population is the key driving factor of industrial agglomeration and expansion. The socio-economic system produced by its human activities has a certain impact on the service value of the water ecosystem. Such as, due to the frequent impact of human activities on water quality, the value of aquatic products and services in Jishou City is relatively low. 0 = As the permanent population directly leads to land expansion, it changes the exchange relationship between surface and groundwater resources and finally leads to the service value of water ecosystem.
- (3)
- Water quality compliance rate (X9): Leading to the environmental quality report of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture and the environmental quality status report of Xiangxi Prefecture in 2020, the water quality compliance rate and excellent rate of centralized drinking water source water quality monitoring section above the county level in Xiangxi Prefecture are 100%. Moreover, a high-quality water source is an important element to support regional agricultural production such as rice, vegetables, and fishery breeding, and an important guarantee for the energy service function of the water ecosystem. In accordance with the spatial data, the value of aquatic products in Jishou City is the lowest, which matches the contradiction of regional social and economic development.
- (4)
- Per capita GDP (X7): The per capita GDP of Xiangxi reached 14.826 billion yuan, and agricultural water consumption accounted for 70.54%, which is the main discharge source. As a region with significant development of mountain agricultural industry, the agricultural industry increases the development degree of biological and landscape resources (industrial water consumption and Tourism Development), also leading to a sharp increase in industrial sewage discharge and waste discharge, especially wastewater discharge. Industrial, agricultural and domestic water use leads to the surge of wastewater discharge, the decline of water self-purification capacity and ecological imbalance. For instance, per capita GDP is the highest in Jishou City, but the value of water purification is the lowest, and also the value of soil conservation. Therefore, the upgrading and transformation of urban sewage treatment plants should be accelerated. The first-class discharge standard should be implemented strictlyAlso, after treatment, the secondary utilization of its water ecology should be carried out and converted into organic carbon storage body and soil to improve the material circulation of the water ecosystem.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- (1)
- From the county level, this study evaluates the service value of water ecology in Xiangxi Prefecture, and quantifies the material flow process of water ecology in the study area. It is indicated that the driving factors in different regions lead to the spatial differences in aquatic system service functions. Calculated from the total value of regional aquatic ecosystem services, it is as follows: Guzhang County > Jishou City > Baojing County > Luxi County > Longshan County > Yongshun County > Fenghuang County > Huayuan County. The water ecological service function of Guzhang county is a high-value area. Its water ecology is less disturbed by the outside world, with good water quality and high water levelsAlso, there is a certain contradiction between the water conservation function and economic development opportunities. But there is a synergistic relationship between soil conservation and cultural value. This conclusion has formulated a scientific basis and reference scale for ecological compensation in mountainous cities.
- (2)
- Comprehensive use of relevant quantitative models is made in the research. It can provide a systematic method for ecological service value evaluation in mountainous areas, where basic data are relatively scarce, and improves the scientificity and reliability of the evaluation results. The evaluation results can be used as a reference scale and decision-making basis for regional water environment management. Water ecological culture and education, soil conservation, water supply, hydropower, aquatic product production, and water purification. Under the condition that the water conservation and cultural services in the rural areas of Hunan Province are the most important ecological barriers. The development of water conservation and cultural services in the rural areas of Hunan Province can be gradually improved. Consequently, with water conservation as the main goal, water conservation and cultural services in the rural areas of Hunan Province can be gradually improved.
- (3)
- Based on the quantification of the factor detector, the influence intensity of each influencing factor is as follows: per capita GDP(X7) > vegetation coverage (X6)> precipitation (X2) > resident population (X4). It can be seen that the natural environment and human activities are the key factors affecting the value of water ecological services. In future construction activities, the coordinated development of human and natural environment should be emphasized, the balance of the water regional ecosystem should be promoted and the service value of the water ecosystem should be enhanced. Meanwhile, the self-purification capacity of sewage discharge and the standard rate of water quality are also important preconditions affecting the value of water ecological services, because they have a good fit with the production of aquatic products and the value of soil. The industrial concentration areas with heavy metal pollution still existing in the city shall be intensively renovated to reduce the sources of heavy metals in water bodies and increase sewage treatment facilities.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yates, D.; Purkey, D.; Sieber, J.; Huber-Lee, A.; Galbraith, H. Weap21-A demand-, priority-, and preference-driven water planning model: Part 2: Aiding freshwater ecosystem service evaluation. Water Int. 2009, 501–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cairns, J. Protecting the delivery of ecosystem services. Ecosys. Health 1997, 3, 185–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.; Yu, M.; Mo, W.; Lv, D.-A.; Cheng, J.; Sun, L. Ecological safety evaluation for water resources of China based on Pressure-State-Response model: A case from Zhoushan archipelago. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 2021, 20, 601–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vollmer, D.; Burkhard, K.; Esmail, B.A.; Guerrero, P.; Nagabhatla, N. Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Water Resources Mnagement-Tools, Policies, Promising Pathways. Environ. Manag. 2022, 69, 627–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, N.; Wang, S.; Liu, Y. Ecosystem service value assessment: Research progress and prospects. Chin. J. Ecol. 2021, 40, 233–244. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, Q.; Wang, Q. Water ecosystem service quality evaluation and value assessment of Taihu Lake in China. Water 2021, 13, 618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, S.S.; Liu, R.Z.; Qi, L.M.; Liang, X.B. Value Assessment of Marine Ecosystem Service in Bohai Sea. China Popul. Resour. Environ. 2008, 2, 65–69. [Google Scholar]
- Qi, N.; Sun, W.W.; Kan, H.M.; Liu, L.; Zou, J.L.; Pang, Z.; Zhang, G.F. Evaluation on water-related ecosystem services of Minyun reservoir during 2008-2019. Bull. Soil Water Conserv. 2021, 41, 276–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.B.; Ding, W.R. Land Use Change and Ecosystem Service Function in Lake Basin of Central Yunnan Plateau. Res. Soil Water Conserv. 2020, 29, 205–212. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, X.S.; Cui, L.J.; Li, W.; Kang, X.; Lei, Y.; Li, H.; Liang, Z.; Cheng, Z. Flood storage function analysis and value assessment of wetlands injilin province. Water Resour. Prot. 2016, 32, 27–33+66. [Google Scholar]
- Su, C.; Dong, J.Q.; Ma, Z.G.; Qiao, N.; Peng, J. Identifying priority areas for ecological protection and restoration of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands based on ecological security patterns:a case study in Huaying Mountains, Sichuan Province. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2019, 39, 8948–8956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jenkins, W.A.; Murray, B.C.; Kramer, R.A.; Faulkner, S.P. Valuing ecosystem services from wetlands restoration in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Ecol. Econ. 2009, 69, 1051–1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, R.; Horwitz, P.; Milton, G.R.; Sellamuttu, S.S.; Buckton, S.T.; Davidson, N.C.; Pattnaik, A.K.; Zavagli, M.; Baker, C. Assessing wetland ecosystem services and poverty interlinkages: A general framework and case study. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2011, 56, 1602–1621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, R.; Wang, S.; Ni, J.; Sun, X.; Wang, X. Ecosystem Service Functions of the Five Reservoirs in Dabie Mountain, West Anhui Province. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2014, 34, 1270–1274. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.Q.; Qiu, M.; Cheng, S.P.; Pang, L. Strategies for Physical Forms Based on Water-related Ecosystem Services Overall Capacity—A Case Study of Tian’ao Water Sensitive Rural Area in Shengsi. Landsc. Archit. 2017, 1, 82–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houtven, G.V.; Mansfield, C.; Phaneuf, D.J.; von Haefen, R.H.; Milstead, B.; Kenney, M.A.; Reckhow, K.H. Combining expert elicitation and stated preference methods to value ecosystem services from improved lake water quality. Ecol. Econ. 2014, 99, 40–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, T.Q.; Ouyang, Z.Y.; Wang, X.K.; Miao, H.; Wei, Y.C. Ecosystem service and their valuation of terrestrial surface water system in China. J. Nat. Resouces 2003, 18, 443–452. [Google Scholar]
- Ouyang, Z.Y.; Zhu, C.Q.; Yang, G.B.; Xu, W.H.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, Y.; Xiao, Y. Gross ecosystem product: Concept, accounting framework and case study. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2013, 33, 6747–6761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Y.; Kong, F.H.; Yin, H.W.; Yan, W.J.; Sun, C.F.; Xu, F. Land Use Change and Its Effects on Ecosystem Services Value in Ji’nan City of Shandong Provice, East China. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2013, 24, 1231–1236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Zeng, J. Theory construction and comprehensive evaluation of atmospheric securitybased on ecosystem services: A case study of “2 + 26” cities around Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Geogr. Res. 2022, 41, 1018–1031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, N.; Ding, J.H. Restructuring the spatial form of rural water network based on demand-supply balance in Aquatic ecosystem service, southern Jiangsu. Planners 2019, 35, 5–12. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.Q.; Long, H.L.; Li, T.T.; Tu, S.S. Land use transitions and their effects on water environment in Huang-Huan-Hai plain, China. Chin. J. Land Use Pol. 2015, 47, 293–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.Q.; Liu, B.Y. Restoration of degraded water system in the Yangtze River delta by effective provision of water-related ecosystem services. Chin. Landsc. Archit. 2017, 33, 68–73. [Google Scholar]
- Ding, J.H.; Ji, R. Study on Rural Adaptability Planning Strategy of Water Network from the Perpective of Water Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand—A Case Study of Wujiang Zhangyadang Area. Chin. Landsc. Archit. 2020, 36, 45–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grizzetti, B.; Lanzanova, D.; Liquete, C.; Reynaud, A.; Cardoso, A.C. Assessing water ecosystem service for water resource management. Environ. Sci. Policy 2016, 61, 194–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouyang, Z.Y.; Zhao, T.Q.; Wang, X.K.; Miao, H. Ecosystem Services Analyses and Valuation of China Terrestrial Surface Water System. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2004, 24, 2091–2099. [Google Scholar]
- Dennedy-Frank, P.J.; Muenich, R.L.; Chaubey, I.; Ziv, G. Comparing two tools for ecosystem service assessments regarding water resources decisions. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 177, 331–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, H.; Huang, J.J.; Zhou, H.; Deng, C.B.; Fang, C.L. Analysis of sustainable utilization of water resources based on the improved water resources ecological footprint model: A case study of Huber Province, China. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 262, 110331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.; Zhou, P.Q.; Yuan, S.J.; Tan, X.; Lou, Z.F. Land ecosystem service functions for Dongting Lake ecological economic zone Based on Invest Model. Bull. Soil Water Conserv. 2021, 42, 267–272+282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, Q.; Qi, T.Z. Water ecological security assessment and spatial autocorrelation analysis of prefectural regions involved in the Yellow River Basin. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 5105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, K.J.; Wang, C.L.; Li, D.H.; Yuan, H.; Li, W.H.; Hong, M. The concept methodology and a case study in defining theecological redlinefor the hydroecological space. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2019, 39, 5911–5921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vera, C.V.; Arturo, R.L.; Andrea, G.; Paulo, A.L.D.N. Valuation of ecosystem services provided by coastal wetlands in northwest Mexico. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 2013, 78, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaad, K.; Souter, N.J.; Vollmer, D.; Regan, H.M.; Bezerra, M.O. Integrating ecosystem service into water resource management:An indicator-based approach. Environ. Manag. 2022, 69, 752–767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fu, B.J.; Lu, Y.H.; Gao, G.Y. Major research progresses on the ecosystem service and ecological safety of main terrestrial ecosystems in China. Chin. J. Nat. 2012, 34, 261–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, R.; Dong, Y.X.; Tan, Z.W. Review of Service Evaluation of Aquatic Ecosystem. Environ. Sci. Guide 2014, 33, 33–39. [Google Scholar]
- Li, D.L.; Wu, S.Y.; Liu, L.B.; Liang, Z.; Li, S. Evaluating regional water security through a freshwater ecosystem service flow model: A case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Ecol. Indic. 2017, 81, 159–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zan, X.; Zhang, Y.L.; Jia, X.Y.; Xiong, G.S. Evaluation on the ecosystem services value of the upper reaches of Yongding River. J. Nat. Resour. 2020, 35, 1326–1337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Zhang, B.; Wang, J.F.; Yang, X.S.; Yang, Y.G.; Zhang, C.Q. Water ecosystem services and their spatial variability in Taihu basin. Bull. Soil Water Conserv. 2011, 31, 215–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, L.Z.; Yang, Z.H.; Su, W.C. Valuing the Water Ecosystem Service and Analyzing Its Impact Factors in Chongqing City Under the Background of Urbanization. Res. Soil Water Conserv. 2019, 26, 208–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taita, T.; Ndiritu, G.G.; Nathan, N.G. Socio-economic values and traditional strategies of managing wetland resources in Lower Tana River, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 2004, 527, 3–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, R.H.; Gao, J.F.; Huang, Q.; Zhao, J.H.; Dong, C.Y.; Chen, X.F.; Zhang, Z.M.; Huang, J.C. The assessmentof aquatic ecosystem services for polder in Taihu Basin. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2015, 35, 5197–5206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, G.D.; Zhang, C.X.; Zhang, C.S.; Xiao, Y.; Lu, C.X. The Value of China’s ecosystem services. Resour. Sci. 2015, 37, 1740–1746. [Google Scholar]
- Pan, D.R.; Yan, H.W.; Han, T.H.; Sun, B.; Jang, J.C.; Liu, X.N.; Li, X.; Wang, H.X. Evaluation of the service function value of grassland ecosystems in Gansu province using the equivalence factor method. Pratacultural Sci. 2021, 38, 1860–1868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.Y.; Song, J.X.; Cheng, D.D.; Xia, J.; Li, Q.; Ahamad, M.I. Comprehensive evaluation and scenario simulation for the water resources carrying capacity in Xi’an city, China. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 230, 221–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naimi Ait-Aoudia, M.; Berezowska-Azzag, E. Water resources carrying capacity assessment: The case of Algeria’s capital city. Habitat Int. 2016, 58, 51–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Target Layer | Criterion Layer | Index Interpretation | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct use value (A) | Water ecological supply services (A1) | Water resources supply (A11) | Meet the needs of agriculture, ecology, and industry |
Production value of aquatic products (A12) | Provide rich aquatic products for mankind | ||
Hydropower (A13) | Utilization value of river hydropower resources | ||
Water ecological cultural function (A2) | Cultural value of scientific research education (A21) | It is an important medium for understanding the material cycle and energy transformation in nature | |
Indirect use value (B) | Water ecological regulation function (B3) | Soil conservation value (B31) | Grassland and forest slow down wind erosion to a certain extent |
Water purification (B33) | Produce ecological purification function in the flow of material and energy in water body |
Value Index | Calculation Formula | Parameter Meaning and Calculation Basis |
---|---|---|
A11 | Regardless of water quality, WS is the annual available water supply (M3); SW is the water area (M2); D is the difference between the normal pool level of the river and the water level corresponding to the minimum eco-environmental water demand, both of which are taken as 0.4 m; N is the number of times of water body re storage, which refers to the frequency of repeated water storage and drainage in the river in a year, taking the year of flat water as n = 1.5 | |
A12 | is the production value of aquatic products (yuan); is the product value of each district and county. The sharing method is the basis to measure the proportion of water scenery income in the total tourism income in the study area. Using this method has a certain reference significance for areas where there is no water ecotourism classification | |
A13 | is the Hydropower value (yuan); is the Annual power generation of P power station(KW·h); is the Unit price(yuan/KW·h) | |
B31 | C is farmland provides food value (yuan/hm2); I is types of ecosystem services; j is crop species; The main crops in the study area include grain, oil, vegetables, etc; pj is average price of J crops (yuan/t); qj is unit yield of J crops (t/hm2); mj is area of J crops (hm2); M is the total area of N crops (hm2) | |
B32 | Vj is the water purification value (yuan); C is the cost of treating each ton of sewage (yuan/t); V is the amount of pollution treatment (t) |
Types of Water Ecological Services (100 Million Yuan) | Jishou | Luxi | Fenghuang | Huayuan | Baojing | Guzhang | Yongshun | Longshan | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct use value | Water resources supply | 1.53 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.72 |
Value of water conservancy and electricity | 0.38 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 2.2 | 6.28 | 0.23 | 1.53 | 2.60 | |
Production value of aquatic products | 0.24 | 2.59 | 1.64 | 2.80 | 4.53 | 1.39 | 2.38 | 2.89 | |
Educational value of water culture | 91.22 | 54.91 | 26.11 | 19.22 | 36.91 | 79.99 | 16.37 | 28.59 | |
Indirect use value | Soil conservation value | 2.19 | 3.76 | 17.36 | 11.59 | 11.16 | 5.25 | 24.72 | 24.48 |
Water purification | 7.96 | 14.22 | 16.99 | 10.66 | 26.88 | 44.67 | 18.37 | 16.62 | |
Total (100 million yuan) | 103.52 | 76.67 | 63.36 | 46.65 | 86.22 | 131.88 | 63.8 | 75.9 |
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X6 | X7 | X8 | X9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q value | 0.125449 | 0.704948 | 0.249175 | 0.651263 | 0.402057 | 0.810543 | 0.879495 | 0.154809 | 0.002279 |
p value | 0.989935 | 0.738573 | 0.928069 | 0.846717 | 0.39988 | 0.456865 | 0.408265 | 0.921919 | 0.926061 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, S.; Zhang, W.; Liu, C. Research on Value Evaluation and Impact Mechanism of Water Ecological Services in Mountainous Cities: A Case Study of Xiangxi Prefecture. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021463
Zhang S, Zhang W, Liu C. Research on Value Evaluation and Impact Mechanism of Water Ecological Services in Mountainous Cities: A Case Study of Xiangxi Prefecture. Sustainability. 2023; 15(2):1463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021463
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Suifeng, Wang Zhang, and Canhua Liu. 2023. "Research on Value Evaluation and Impact Mechanism of Water Ecological Services in Mountainous Cities: A Case Study of Xiangxi Prefecture" Sustainability 15, no. 2: 1463. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021463