Trace Metals in PM10 and Associated Health Risk in Two Urban Sites Located in Campeche
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Method
2.2. Chemical Analysis
2.3. The Health Risk Assessment
2.3.1. Methodology I: Cancer Risk Estimation for Cobalt and Cadmium
2.3.2. Methodology 2: Estimation of the Non-Carcinogenic Risk for Cadmium and Cobalt and Manganese
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Enrichment Factors Analysis
3. Results
3.1. PM10 and PM10-Bound Trace Metal Concentrations
3.2. Enrichment Factors
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
3.4. The Health Risk Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trace Metals | LD (µg L−1) | Recovery % + SD | urep | usol | ux | UC | UE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | 0.020 | 97.20 | 0.00224 | 0.00779 | 0.00883 | 0.01173 | 0.02648 |
Fe | 0.050 | 98.56 | 0.00075 | 0.00820 | 0.01975 | 0.02314 | 0.04325 |
Co | 0.056 | 97.61 | 0.01120 | 0.01298 | 0.01975 | 0.02718 | 0.05135 |
Cu | 0.033 | 97.40 | 0.00265 | 0.00327 | 0.00454 | 0.00561 | 0.01462 |
Zn | 0.010 | 103.70 | 0.00126 | 0.00800 | 0.00427 | 0.00842 | 0.01927 |
Cd | 0.013 | 99.30 | 0.00243 | 0.00235 | 0.00461 | 0.00678 | 0.01396 |
Parameters | Men | Women | Children (0–2 Years) | Children (2–16 Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inhalation rate (InR, m−3 day−1) | 16.4 | 12.6 | 4.9 | 10.8 |
Body weight (BoW, kg) | 76 | 63 | 10.3 | 32.5 |
Metal | CAS | IUR (μg m−3)−1 | RfC (mg m−3) |
---|---|---|---|
Cd | 7440-43-9 | 1.8 × 10−3 | 1 × 10−5 |
Co | 7440-48-4 | 9 × 10−3 | 6 × 10−6 |
Mn | 7439-96-5 | - | 5 × 10−5 |
Ni | 7440-02-0 | 2.6 × 10−4 | 5 × 10−5 |
EF Value | Probable Origin of a Considered Element |
---|---|
<10 | Suggest that the element crustal origin |
10–100 | The element concentration was influenced by an anthropogenic source (suggest a moderate enrichment) |
100–1000 (or higher) | It can be considered that the element was highly enriched by anthropogenic sources |
Mean (µg/m3) | Maximum (µg/m3) | Minimum (µg/m3) | Standard Deviation (µg/m3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
INAH site | 41.043 | 106.016 | 10.250 | 26.589 |
TNL site | 28.591 | 76.659 | 2.47 | 22.014 |
Study Sites/Air Pollutants | Cd | Co | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(µg m−3) | (µg m−3) | (µg m−3) | (µg m−3) | (µg m−3) | (µg m−3) | |
INAH site | 0.033 | 0.181 | 0.148 | 1.273 | 0.256 | 0.374 |
TNL site | 0.024 | 0.116 | 0.122 | 2.214 | 0.432 | 0.218 |
Leon, Mexico (Ceron et al. 2019) [39] | 0.099 | 0.120 | 0.241 | 2.337 | 0.136 | 1.433 |
Puebla, Mexico (Morales et al. 2013) [34] | 0.005 | 0.0018 | 0.0419 | 1.2025 | 0.0335 | - |
Riohacha, Colombia (Rojano et al. 2023) [36] | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.065 | 1.419 | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Acerra, Italy (Di Vaio et al. 2018) [21] | 0.0038 | 0.0025 | 0.0192 | 1.285 | 0.0508 | 0.0457 |
Constantine, Algeria (Ali-Khodja et al. 2017) [38] | - | - | 0.630 | 4.110 | - | 1.47 |
Bolpur, India (Ghosh et al. 2017) [35] | 0.0026 | 0.00002 | - | - | 0.028 | 0.204 |
Shangai, China (Wang et al. 2013) [37] | 0.002 | - | 0.034 | 1.238 | 0.069 | 0.382 |
Pune, India (Yadav and Satsangi, 2012) [33] | 0.240 | 0.530 | 0.339 | 2.09 | 0.14 | 0.43 |
Risk Coefficient | Cancer Risk Coefficient (CR) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Trace Metal | Cd (CR) | Co (CR) | ||
Exposed Population Age Group and Gender | Cd INAH | Cd TNL | Co INAH | Co TNL |
Men | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: |
4.48 × 10−8 | 3.36 × 10−8 | 4.48 × 10−8 | 3.36 × 10−8 | |
5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | |
6.59 ×10−9 | 3.34 × 10−9 | 5.28 × 10−8 | 8.90 × 10−8 | |
95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | |
8.61 × 10−8 | 5.51 ×10−8 | 2.66 × 10−6 | 1.43 × 10−6 | |
Women | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: |
4.48 × 10−8 | 3.36 × 10−8 | 4.48 × 10−8 | 3.36 × 10−8 | |
5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | |
6.11 × 10−9 | 3.34 × 10−9 | 4.90 × 10−8 | 8.90 × 10−8 | |
95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | |
7.98 × 10−8 | 5.51 × 10−8 | 2.47 × 10−6 | 1.43 × 10−6 | |
Children (age from 0 to 2 years) | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: |
9.03 × 10−7 | 2.09 × 10−6 | 9.03 × 10−7 | 2.09 × 10−6 | |
5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | |
1.49 × 10−8 | 8.90 × 10−8 | 1.17 × 10−7 | 8.90 × 10−8 | |
95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | |
2.95 × 10−7 | 1.42 × 10−6 | 5.86 × 10−6 | 1.42 × 10−6 | |
Children (age from 2 to 16 years) | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: |
4.48 × 10−8 | 3.36 × 10−8 | 4.48 × 10−8 | 3.36 × 10−8 | |
5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | |
1.01 × 10−8 | 3.34 × 10−9 | 8.14 × 10−8 | 8.90 × 10−8 | |
95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | |
1.33 × 10−7 | 5.51 × 10−8 | 4.10 × 10−6 | 1.42 × 10−6 |
Risk Coefficient | Non-Cancer Risk Coefficient (HQ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trace Metal | Cd (HQ) | Co (HQ) | Mn (HQ) | |||
Exposed Population Age Group and Gender | Cd INAH | Cd TNL | Co INAH | Co TNL | Mn INAH | Mn TNL |
Men | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: |
3.2 | 2.3 | 28.9 | 18.5 | 4.9 | 8.3 | |
5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | |
0.013 | 0.010 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.046 | 0.098 | |
95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | |
0.66 | 0.46 | 1.92 | 0.97 | 0.33 | 0.76 | |
Women | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: |
3.2 | 2.3 | 28.9 | 18.5 | 4.9 | 8.3 | |
5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | |
0.012 | 0.010 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.046 | 0.098 | |
95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | |
0.66 | 0.46 | 1.92 | 0.97 | 0.33 | 0.76 | |
Children (age from 0 to 2 years) | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: |
3.2 | 2.3 | 28.9 | 18.5 | 4.9 | 8.3 | |
5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | |
0.012 | 0.095 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.094 | 0.043 | |
95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | |
0.64 | 0.55 | 1.53 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.54 | |
Children (age from 2 to 16 years) | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: | Mean: |
3.2 | 2.3 | 28.9 | 18.5 | 4.9 | 8.3 | |
5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | 5% Lower Confident Limit: | |
0.012 | 0.095 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.094 | 0.043 | |
95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | 95% Upper Confident Limit: | |
0.64 | 0.55 | 1.53 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.54 |
Risk Coefficients | CR | HQ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Co | Cd | Co | Mn | |
This study | INAH: 4.68 × 10−8 TNL: 3.36 × 10−8 | INAH: 4.68 × 10−8 TNL: 3.36 × 10−8 | INAH:3.1 TNL:2.2 | INAH: 28.9 TNL:18.4 | INAH: 4.9 TNL: 8.3 |
Di Vaio et al. 2018 (Acerra, Italy) [21] | 2.54 × 10−6 | 7.40 × 10−6 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.29 |
Romanazzi et al. 2014 (Torino, Italy) [46] | 1 × 10−5 | 1 × 10−7 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 0.10 |
Pongpiachan et al. 2018 (Bangkok, Thailand) [50] | 1 × 10−3 | 5.71 × 10−6 | 4.13 × 10−6 | 1.57 × 10−4 | 6.0 × 10−3 |
Cerón et al. 2019 (Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico) [39] | 2.17 × 10−8 | 7.07 × 10−7 | 0.450 | 1.285 | 0.169 |
Debanada et al. 2020 (Seoul, Korea) [51] | - | - | - | - | 0.138 |
Truong et al. 2022 (a southern Vietnam megacity) [52] | - | - | - | - | 6 |
Author | PM10 (µg/m3) | Location |
---|---|---|
This Study | INAH: 41.043 | Downtown area in Campeche, Mexico |
This Study | TNL: 28.591 | Lerma, Campeche, Mexico |
Jena and Singh (2017) [57] | 216 | Dhanbad, India |
Cerón-Bretón et al. (2019) [39] | 27.992 | Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico |
Li et al. (2021) [58] | 97.7 | Arequipa, Peru |
Kunt et al. (2023) [59] | 93.2 | Kayseri Province, Turkey |
Smichowski et al. (2005) [60] | 44 | Capana, Argentina |
Nuchdang et al. (2023) [61] | 65.90 | Pathum Thani, Thailand |
Rodriguez et al. (2004) [62] | 33.3 | Onda, Spain |
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Cerón Bretón, J.G.; Cerón Bretón, R.M.; Espinosa Guzmán, A.A.; Rangel Marrón, M.; Guarnaccia, C.; Rossi, D.; Vargas Canto, M.d.G.; Aguilar Ucán, C.A.; Lara Severino, R.d.C.; Ruíz Marín, A.; et al. Trace Metals in PM10 and Associated Health Risk in Two Urban Sites Located in Campeche. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14941. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014941
Cerón Bretón JG, Cerón Bretón RM, Espinosa Guzmán AA, Rangel Marrón M, Guarnaccia C, Rossi D, Vargas Canto MdG, Aguilar Ucán CA, Lara Severino RdC, Ruíz Marín A, et al. Trace Metals in PM10 and Associated Health Risk in Two Urban Sites Located in Campeche. Sustainability. 2023; 15(20):14941. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014941
Chicago/Turabian StyleCerón Bretón, Julia Griselda, Rosa María Cerón Bretón, Alberto Antonio Espinosa Guzmán, Marcela Rangel Marrón, Claudio Guarnaccia, Domenico Rossi, María de Guadalupe Vargas Canto, Claudia Alejandra Aguilar Ucán, Reyna del Carmen Lara Severino, Alejandro Ruíz Marín, and et al. 2023. "Trace Metals in PM10 and Associated Health Risk in Two Urban Sites Located in Campeche" Sustainability 15, no. 20: 14941. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014941