The Relationship between Residential Block Forms and Building Carbon Emissions to Achieve Carbon Neutrality Goals: A Case Study of Wuhan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
- (1)
- Building a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system for the new era: China has made systematic developments for a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system, promoting comprehensive coverage in the areas of production, distribution, and consumption, accelerating the greening of agriculture and industry, developing green industries, and building green supply chains.
- (2)
- Enhancing energy-use efficiency: Optimizing and adjusting China’s industrial structure are its fundamental approach to improve its energy-use efficiency, strengthen the refined management of enterprises, accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system, and obtain the highest economic and social benefits while minimizing the toll on resources and the environment, which will result in an all-around improvement in the efficiency of resource use.
- (3)
- Increasing the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption: In order to reduce its proportion of fossil energy consumption, China has begun to vigorously develop new types of energy, increase the proportion of renewable energy it uses, promote the development of wind power and photovoltaic power generation, and develop hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, hydrogen energy, biomass energy, and photothermal power generation tailored to regional conditions.
- (4)
- Reducing its levels of carbon dioxide emissions: China is currently accelerating the promotion of a comprehensive green transformation of industrial development, integrating the requirements of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets into the entire process of economic and social development and within all areas. It is vigorously promoting energy conservation and emissions reduction, comprehensively implementing cleaner production, accelerating the development of the recycling economy, strengthening the comprehensive use of resources, and continuously upgrading its levels of green, low-carbon, and recycling development.
- (5)
- Enhancing the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems: For China to achieve its goals for the carbon peak and carbon neutrality on schedule, an important aspect will be to enhance the capacity of ecological carbon sinks, strengthen land use spatial planning and use regulation, and effectively bring into play the carbon sequestration functions of forests, grasslands, wetlands, oceans, soils, and permafrost so as to enhance the incremental amounts of ecosystem carbon sinks [6].
1.2. Literature Review
1.2.1. Building Carbon Emissions (CEs) Assessments
1.2.2. The Influence of Urban Form on Building CEs
1.2.3. Research Gap
1.3. Research Objectives and Questions
- How much do the building CEI levels in different residential blocks vary?
- Which residential block form parameters have impacts on the buildings’ CEI? Which ones do not matter? What is the most significant form parameter affecting the buildings’ CEI?
- What are the combined parameters that most significantly affect the buildings’ CEI?
2. Materials
2.1. The Framework
2.2. Case Selection and Classification
2.3. Urban Block form Parameter Calculation
2.4. Building CE Calculation Method and Simulation Tool
2.4.1. Calculation Method for the Building CEs
2.4.2. Building Carbon Emissions Simulation Tool
- 1
- Simulation Parameter Setting
- 2
- Building carbon emissions (CE) calculation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Building CE Distribution Characteristics of the Residential Blocks
3.1.1. Building CE Distribution Characteristics of All the Blocks
3.1.2. Building CE Distribution Characteristics for Different Block Typologies
3.2. The Relationship between Block Form and Building CE
3.2.1. Building CE Distributions for the Different Block Typologies
3.2.2. The Combined Impact of Block Form Parameters on a Building’s CEI
3.3. Low-Carbon Planning Strategies for Residential Blocks under the Goal of Carbon Neutrality
3.3.1. Block Typology Selection Strategies
3.3.2. Form Index Control Strategies
3.4. Limitations and Future Research
4. Conclusions
- The results demonstrated that the block form influenced the building CEI by 31.66%.
- The residential block with the smallest building CEI for its service life was A10, with 1073.08 kg CO2/m2. The residential block with the largest building CEI for its service life was A3, with 1569.79 kg CO2/m2.
- The BSF had the greatest influence on a building’s CEI, with r = 0.910, and this was followed by the FAR (r = −0.547), the V/A (r = −0.547), and the BH (r = −0.328).
- The BSF, S/A, and BCR had a combined impact on a building’s CEI. The influence weight of the BSF on a building’s CEI was 3.84 times that of the BCR, which was 4.46 times that of the S/A.
- For the low-carbon planning of residential blocks, a form index was the strategy used to control the BSF, S/A, and BCR to achieve the lowest building carbon emissions for residential blocks within a reasonable range, and the control priority of the form index was the BSF, BCR, and S/A.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
H/D | height–depth ratio of block |
L/D | length–depth ratio of block |
BSF | building shape factor |
O | building orientation |
BCR | building cover ratio |
FAR | floor area ratio |
SVF | sky view factor |
BH | building height of block |
V/S | building volume–site area ratio |
S/A | building surface–site area ratio |
GSR | green space ratio |
CEI | building carbon emissions intensity |
CE | carbon emissions |
BEC | building energy consumption |
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Typologies | Building Height (m) | Block Case | Block 3D Model |
---|---|---|---|
Multi-story pavilion | H ≤ 27 m | ||
Multi-story slab | H ≤ 27 m | ||
Multi-story courtyard | H ≤ 27 m | ||
Mid-rise pavilion | 27 < H ≤ 54 m | ||
Mid-rise slab | 27 < H ≤ 54 m | ||
Mid-rise courtyard | 27 < H ≤ 54 m | ||
High-rise pavilion | 54 < H ≤ 99 m | ||
High-rise slab | 54 < H ≤ 99 m |
Parameters | Formula | Definition | Diagram |
---|---|---|---|
H/D | denoted building height of building i; denoted building volume of building i; denoted building length of building i; denoted the total building volume | ||
L/D | represented building depth of building i | ||
BSF | represented the total building surface area | ||
O | represented the building orientation of building i | ||
BCR | denoted the total footprint area | ||
FAR | denoted the total floor area; represented the total site area | ||
SVF | was the solar radiation received from the visible sky at a point on the block; was the global horizontal radiation received by the unobstructed hemisphere of the sky | ||
BH | / | ||
V/A | / | ||
S/A | / | ||
GSR | represented the green space area |
Parameter | Parameter Data | Source of Data | |
---|---|---|---|
Climate Data | The Meteorological Data | Meteorological Data of Wuhan | China Meteorological Data Network |
Human Thermal Load | 108 W/Person | JGJ/T449-2018 | |
Occupancy Rate | |||
Air Conditioning System | System Type | Split air conditioner for home use | Investigate and research |
Temperature Set | Cooling Set Point 26 °C | JGJ134-2010 | |
Heating Set Point 18 °C | |||
Operation Rate of Cooling | JGJ/T449-2018 | ||
Operation Rate of Heating | JGJ/T449-2018 | ||
Lighting | Power Density | 3 W/m2 | Validation of experimental corrections |
Operation Rate of Lighting | JGJ/T449-2018 | ||
Equipment | Power Density | 4 W/m2 | Validation of experimental corrections |
Operation Rate of Equipment | JGJ/T449-2018 |
Building Envelope | Heat Transfer Coefficient K (W/m2·K) | |
---|---|---|
Transparent envelope | Window | 2.30 |
Opaque envelope | Roof | 0.35 |
Exterior wall | 1.18 | |
Floor | 1.14 | |
Interior wall | 0.79 |
H/D | L/D | BSF | O | BCR | FAR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | 0.002 | −0.023 | 0.910 ** | −0.19 | −0.164 | −0.547 ** |
p | 0.978 | 0.877 | 0.000 | 0.195 | 0.265 | 0.000 |
SVF | BH | V/A | S/A | GCR | ||
r | 0.181 | −0.328 * | −0.547 ** | −0.262 | −0.005 | |
p | 0.219 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.072 | 0.947 |
Unstandardized Coefficients | Beta | t | p | VIF | R2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | Independent Variables | B | Standard Error | |||||
CEI | (Constants) | 641.271 | 37.671 | - | 17.023 | 0.000 | - | 0.944 |
BSF | 3169.088 | 122.897 | 1.057 | 25.789 | 0.000 | 1.323 | ||
S/A | 46.056 | 7.930 | 0.237 | 5.808 | 0.000 | 1.309 | ||
BCR | −400.613 | 52.338 | −0.275 | −7.654 | 0.000 | 1.014 |
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Lian, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, G.; Ren, R. The Relationship between Residential Block Forms and Building Carbon Emissions to Achieve Carbon Neutrality Goals: A Case Study of Wuhan, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215751
Lian H, Zhang J, Li G, Ren R. The Relationship between Residential Block Forms and Building Carbon Emissions to Achieve Carbon Neutrality Goals: A Case Study of Wuhan, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(22):15751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215751
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian, Haitao, Junhan Zhang, Gaomei Li, and Rui Ren. 2023. "The Relationship between Residential Block Forms and Building Carbon Emissions to Achieve Carbon Neutrality Goals: A Case Study of Wuhan, China" Sustainability 15, no. 22: 15751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215751