Tourist Preferences for Revitalizing Wellness Products and Reversing Depopulation in Rural Destinations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Conjoint Analysis (CA)
3.4. Contingent Valuation Method
3.5. Binary Logistic Regression (BLR)
4. Results
4.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
4.2. Results of Conjoint Analysis
4.3. Results of the Contingent Valuation Method
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
ID | Time of Visit | Duration of Visit (Days) | Purpose of Visit | Wellness Tourism Services |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | July–August | 8–14 | Wellness tourism is the main purpose of visit | Physical activities and training |
2 | November–March | 8–14 | Wellness tourism is not the main purpose of tourism (Wellness tourism is secondary for my visit) | Physical activities and training and spiritual/emotional enhancement |
3 | September–October | 8–14 | Wellness tourism is not the main purpose of tourism (Wellness tourism is secondary for my visit) | Physical activities and training |
4 | April–June | 1–7 | Wellness tourism is not the main purpose of tourism (Wellness tourism is secondary for my visit) | Physical activities and training and spiritual/emotional enhancement |
5 | July–August | 1–7 | Wellness tourism is not the main purpose of tourism (Wellness tourism is secondary for my visit) | Physical activities and training |
6 | April–June | 8–14 | Wellness tourism is the main purpose of visit | Physical activities and training and spiritual/emotional enhancement |
7 | November–March | 15+ | Wellness tourism is not the main purpose of tourism (Wellness tourism is secondary for my visit) | Physical activities and training |
8 | November–March | 1–7 | Wellness tourism is the main purpose | Physical activities and training |
9 | April–June | 15+ | Wellness tourism is the main purpose of visit | Physical activities and training |
10 | April–June | 1–7 | Wellness tourism is not the main purpose of tourism (Wellness tourism is secondary for my visit) | Physical activities and training |
11 | September–October | 15+ | Wellness tourism is not the main purpose of tourism (Wellness tourism is secondary for my visit) | Physical activities and training and spiritual/emotional enhancement |
12 | July–August | 15+ | Wellness tourism is the main purpose of visit | Physical activities and training and spiritual/emotional enhancement |
13 | July–August | 1–7 | Wellness tourism is not the main purpose of tourism (Wellness tourism is secondary for my visit) | Spiritual/emotional enhancement—stress relief |
14 | September–October | 1–7 | Wellness tourism is the main purpose of visit | Physical activities and training |
15 | November–March | 1–7 | Wellness tourism is the main purpose of visit | Spiritual/emotional enhancement—stress relief |
16 | September–October | 1–7 | Wellness tourism is the main purpose of visit | Physical activities and training and spiritual/emotional enhancement |
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Attributes | Levels |
---|---|
Time of visit |
|
Duration of visit (days) |
|
Purpose of visit |
|
Wellness tourism services (Types of wellness activities) |
|
Variable Name in the BLR Model | Interpretation of Variables | Unit of Measure—Variable Coding |
---|---|---|
bid | The amount of money offered | (EUR) |
edu | Education level | Years |
income | Monthly income level | (EUR) |
age | Respondents’ age | Years |
Believes that wellness tourism can be a mechanism for: | ||
envirovar1 | The protection of the study area through their own responsible behavior (in terms of pollution and hygiene) | Binary variable coded with yes (1) and No (0) |
envirovar2 | The importance of sustainability through natural resource exploitation (e.g., thermal spring water, seawater) | Binary |
skills | Development of new skills in terms of human resources | Binary |
quality | Improvement of the quality of the offered tourism experience | Binary |
tourproduct | Enrichment of the provided tourism product (e.g., in regard to other sustainable forms of tourism such as fishery tourism) | Binary |
facilities | Development of new tourism facilities (such as marinas for cruise boats and yachts) | Binary |
entrepreneurship | Development of entrepreneurship (e.g., in the field of the food and beverage sector—gastronomy) | Binary |
loyal | If respondents have visited the research area in the past | Binary |
welltour | If respondents have visited and received wellness tourism services, in the past, in any area | Binary |
stay | Duration of stay in the study area | Days |
Attributes | Levels | Utility Estimate | Std. Error |
---|---|---|---|
Time of visit |
| −1.574 | 1.034 |
| −1.602 | 1.034 | |
| 0.897 | 1.034 | |
| 2.280 | 1.034 | |
Duration of visit (days) |
| 0.840 | 0.796 |
| 0.493 | 0.934 | |
| −1.335 | 0.934 | |
Purpose of visit |
| 1.262 | 0.597 |
| −1.262 | 0.597 | |
Types of wellness activities |
| −0.326 | 0.796 |
| −2.153 | 0.934 | |
| 2.479 | 0.934 | |
Constant | 8.371 | 0.660 |
Attributes | Importance Values |
---|---|
Time of visit | 25.7 |
Duration of visit (days) | 29.4 |
Purpose of visit | 14.6 |
Types of wellness activities | 30.3 |
Observed | |||
---|---|---|---|
Predicted | Percentage Correct | ||
NO | YES | ||
NO | 301 | 89 | 77.2 |
YES | 50 | 883 | 94.6 |
Overall percentage (%) | 89.5 |
Variables | B | SE. | Wald | df | Sig. | EXP(B) | 95% CI for EXP(B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
bid | −0.199 | 0.019 | 114,649 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.820 | 0.790 | 0.850 |
edu | 0.114 | 0.065 | 3.102 | 1 | 0.078 | 1.120 | 0.987 | 1.272 |
income | 0.001 | 0.0001 | 3.116 | 1 | 0.078 | 1.001 | 1.000 | 1.001 |
age | −0.024 | 0.013 | 3.304 | 1 | 0.069 | 0.976 | 0.951 | 1.002 |
envirovar1 | 1.002 | 0.378 | 7.038 | 1 | 0.008 | 2.723 | 1.299 | 5.707 |
envirovar2 | 0.521 | 0.298 | 3.061 | 1 | 0.080 | 1.683 | 0.939 | 3.016 |
skills | 0.592 | 0.345 | 2.949 | 1 | 0.086 | 1.807 | 0.920 | 3.550 |
quality | 0.747 | 0.447 | 2.796 | 1 | 0.095 | 2.110 | 0.879 | 5.063 |
tourproduct | 0.668 | 0.368 | 3.293 | 1 | 0.070 | 1.951 | 0.948 | 4.016 |
facilities | 0.968 | 0.397 | 5.955 | 1 | 0.015 | 2.632 | 1.210 | 5.725 |
entrepreneurship | 0.619 | 0.357 | 3.002 | 1 | 0.083 | 1.857 | 0.922 | 3.739 |
loyal | 0.649 | 0.311 | 4.368 | 1 | 0.037 | 1.914 | 1.041 | 3.517 |
welltour | 0.491 | 0.296 | 2.747 | 1 | 0.097 | 1.634 | 0.914 | 2.920 |
stay | −0.055 | 0.033 | 2.865 | 1 | 0.091 | 0.946 | 0.887 | 1.009 |
Constant | 3.126 | 1.300 | 5.781 | 1 | 0.016 | 22.779 | ||
Nagelkerke R2 0.602 Hosmer and Lemeshow 0.232 |
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Ekonomou, G.; Kallioras, D.; Menegaki, A.N.; Alvarez, S. Tourist Preferences for Revitalizing Wellness Products and Reversing Depopulation in Rural Destinations. Sustainability 2023, 15, 16736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416736
Ekonomou G, Kallioras D, Menegaki AN, Alvarez S. Tourist Preferences for Revitalizing Wellness Products and Reversing Depopulation in Rural Destinations. Sustainability. 2023; 15(24):16736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416736
Chicago/Turabian StyleEkonomou, George, Dimitris Kallioras, Angeliki N. Menegaki, and Sergio Alvarez. 2023. "Tourist Preferences for Revitalizing Wellness Products and Reversing Depopulation in Rural Destinations" Sustainability 15, no. 24: 16736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416736