Geographical Detection Analysis and Spatiotemporal Disparity Characteristics of the Coupling Coordination Development between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Overview of Study Area
4. Index System Construction, Data Sources and Empirical Process
4.1. Index System Construction and Data Sources
4.2. Empirical Process
4.2.1. Data Processing
4.2.2. Entropy Method to Calculate Indicator Weights
4.2.3. Measurement of the Urbanization and Eco-Environment Development Level
4.2.4. Calculating the Coupling Coordination Degree
4.2.5. Geographic Detector
5. Empirical Results Analysis
5.1. Temporal Variation Features of the Coupling Coordinated Development between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment
5.1.1. Temporal Variation Features of the Coupling Coordination Level
5.1.2. Evolutionary Features in the Relative Development Categories of the Urbanization and Eco-Environment Subsystems
5.1.3. Evolutionary Characteristics of the Coupling Coordinated Categories
5.2. Spatial Evolutionary Characteristics of the Coupling Coordinated Development between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment
5.2.1. Spatial Evolutionary Characteristics of the Urbanization Development Level
5.2.2. Spatial Evolutionary Characteristics of the Eco-Environment Development Level
5.2.3. Spatial Evolutionary and Distribution Characteristics of the Coupling Coordination Level
5.3. Driving Factors and Interaction Analysis of the Coupling Coordination Level between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment
5.3.1. Driving Factor Analysis
5.3.2. Interaction Analysis
6. Discussion
6.1. Conclusions
6.2. Improvement Path of Coupling Coordination between Urbanizaiton and the Eco-Environment in the Economic Belt
6.3. Study Limitation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Carson, R. Silent Spring; The Riverside Press Cambridge: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1962; pp. 245–301. [Google Scholar]
- Meadows, D.H.; Meadows, D.L.; Randers, J.; Behrens, W.W. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind; New American Library: New York, NY, USA, 1972; pp. 2–10. [Google Scholar]
- Grossman, G.; Krueger, A. Economic Growth and Environment. Q. J. Econ. 1995, 2, 25–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Forrester, J.W. Urban Dynamics; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1969; pp. 116–119. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J.; Fang, C. Analysis of the Regularity and the Interactive Coupling Mechanism between Urbanization and Eco-Environment. Geogr. Res. 2003, 2, 211–220. [Google Scholar]
- Button, K.J.; David, W. Improving the Urban Environment: How to Adjust National and Local Government Policy for Sustainable Urban Growth. Prog. Plan. 1989, 89, 135–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, C.; Yang, Y. Basic Law of the Interactive Coupling System between Urbanization and Eco-Environment. Arid. Land Geogr. 2006, 1, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y.; Yang, Q.; Min, J. Coupling Analysis between New-Type Urbanization Quality and Eco-Environment Carrying Capacity in Chongqing. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2016, 71, 817–828. [Google Scholar]
- Liao, W.; Qin, K.; Tong, T.; Peng, T. Study on the Coordination Relationship between Urbanization and Forest Ecological Carrying Capacity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. J. Zhejiang AF Univ. 2019, 36, 349–358. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, B.; Yu, F. Study on the Spatiotemporal Pattern of the Coupled Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. East China Econ. Manag. 2019, 33, 58–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Z.; Wang, J. Study on Correlation of the Coupling Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Urban Probl. 2020, 4, 21–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, H.; Luo, Y. Coupling Measurement between Urbanization and Eco-Environment Quality in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Stat. Decis. 2021, 37, 111–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Y.; Bai, Y.; Hong, S. Driving Factors and the Spatiotemporal Disparity Characteristics of the Coupling Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment—Take Sichuan Province as an Example. Urban Probl. 2021, 12, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, S. Study on the Coupling Coordination Development between Urbanization and Eco-Environment in Heilongjiang Province. For. Econ. 2019, 41, 94–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Guo, J.; Yao, S. Study on the Coupling Coordination between New-Type Urbanization and Eco-Environment Carrying Capacity in Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration: Based on Leopold’s Earth Ethics Thought. Resour. Environ. Yangtze Basin. 2018, 27, 715–724. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, L.; Zhang, X.; Pang, J.; Yang, Y.C. Interaction Influence and Coupling Coordination between Urbanization and Eco-Environment in Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2021, 32, 993–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, L. Study on the Ecological Sustainable Assessment and the Spatiotemporal Heterogeneous Effects of Urbanization on Ecosystem Service Value. Ph.D. Thesis, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Fang, C.; Cui, X.; Liang, L. Coupler Regulation and Coupling Circle Theory of Urbanization and Eco-Environment. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2019, 74, 2529–2546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiao, B.; Fang, C. A dynamic coupling model of coordinated urbanization and eco-environment development and its application in arid areas. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2019, 74, 2529–2546. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.; Li, R.; Song, X. Coupling Linkage analysis of regional urbanization and ecological environment in China. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2005, 60, 237–247. [Google Scholar]
- Rubel, F.; Kottek, M. Observed and projected climate shifts 1901-2100 depicted by world maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Meteorol. Z. 2010, 19, 135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, L.; Sun, Z. Development Level Evaluation of New-Type Urbanization in Western China Based on the Entropy Method. Econ. Probl. 2015, 3, 115–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cong, X. Form, properties of the Coupling Degree Model and several misuses in geography. Econ. Geogr. 2019, 39, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Fang, C.; Wang, Y. Quantitative Measurement of the Interactive Coupling Relationship between Urbanization and Eco-Environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2015, 35, 2244–2254. [Google Scholar]
- Feng, J.; Zhang, L. Study on the Coordination Degree between New-Type Urbanization and Eco-Environment in Shaanxi Province. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2022, 11, 1555362. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Xu, C. Geographic Detector: Principle and Outlook. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2017, 72, 116–134. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Gu, G.; Yao, L.; Chen, Y. Analysis of Influence Factors and the Spatial Pattern Evolution of New-Type Urbanization in China—Based on Panel Data of 285 Prefecture-Level Cities. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2016, 36, 63–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, Z.; Zong, S.; Su, C.; Chen, Z. Research on the Driving Factors and the Coupling Coordinated Development between New-Type Urbanization and Ecological Civilization Construction in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Econ. Geogr. 2019, 39, 78–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Deng, H.; Zhang, K. Study on the Influence Factors and the Coupling Degree between Urbanization and Ecological Civilization Construction in Wuhan Metropolitan Area. West Forum. 2020, 30, 78–92. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, J.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Qing, S.; Wang, Y.; Miao, C. Spatiotemporal Pattern and Influencing Factors of the Coupling between New Urbanization and Eco-Environment in the Yellow River Basin. Resour. Sci. 2020, 42, 159–171. [Google Scholar]
Target Layer | Subsystem | Primary Indicators Layer | Secondary Index Layer (Unit) | Attributes | Wj |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coupling coordination degree between urbanization and the eco-environment | Urbanization subsystem | Population urbanization | Urban population proportion (%) | 0.055 | |
Natural population growth rate (‰) | 0.010 | ||||
Spatial urbanization | Per capita built-up area (km2/10,000 persons) | 0.088 | |||
Per capita urban road area(m2/person) | 0.024 | ||||
Urban-rural income gap index (--) | 0.014 | ||||
Urban-rural consumption gap index (--) | 0.006 | ||||
Economic urbanization | Per capita regional GDP (CNY/person) | 0.079 | |||
Per capita total investment in fixed assets (CNY/person) | 0.048 | ||||
Per capita local fiscal revenue (CNY/person) | 0.066 | ||||
Per capita R&D research funds (CNY/person) | 0.217 | ||||
Proportion of the tertiary industry’s output value (%) | 0.039 | ||||
Social urbanization | Urban water popularization rate (%) | 0.003 | |||
Urban gas popularization rate (%) | 0.012 | ||||
Proportion of urban basic medical insurance population (%) | 0.099 | ||||
Per capita number of public library books (volume/person) | 0.055 | ||||
Per capita education funds (CNY/person) | 0.043 | ||||
Number of public transport vehicles operated per 10,000 people (car/10,000 persons) | 0.126 | ||||
Urban unemployment rate (%) | 0.015 | ||||
Eco-environmental subsystem | Eco-environmental pressure | Per capita industrial wastewater discharge (103 kg/person) | 0.005 | ||
Per capita industrial sulfur dioxide emissions (m3/person) | 0.006 | ||||
Per capita production of industrial solid waste (103 kg/person) | 0.008 | ||||
Energy consumption per unit of regional GDP (103 kg of standard coal/10,000 CNY) | 0.020 | ||||
Eco-environmental protection | Per capita park green area (m2/person) | 0.059 | |||
Per capita water resources (m3/person) | 0.083 | ||||
Forest coverage rate (%) | 0.036 | ||||
Per capita arable land area (m2/person) | 0.126 | ||||
Urban sewage daily treatment capacity (107 kg/day) | 0.370 | ||||
Harmless disposal rate of household garbage (%) | 0.008 | ||||
Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste (%) | 0.025 | ||||
Industrial pollution abatement investment proportion of GDP (%) | 0.253 |
City | Urbanization | Eco-Environment | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population Urbanization | Spatial Urbanization | Economic Urbanization | Social Urbanization | Eco-Environment Pressure | Eco-Environment Protection | |||||||
S | R | S | R | S | R | S | R | S | R | S | R | |
N | 0.040 | 4 | 0.062 | 3 | 0.165 | 4 | 0.129 | 3 | 0.039 | 2 | 0.236 | 5 |
L1 | 0.043 | 3 | 0.086 | 2 | 0.374 | 1 | 0.107 | 4 | 0.032 | 9 | 0.261 | 4 |
W | 0.033 | 5 | 0.052 | 7 | 0.094 | 5 | 0.080 | 7 | 0.039 | 1 | 0.167 | 10 |
G1 | 0.024 | 8 | 0.054 | 5 | 0.064 | 10 | 0.081 | 6 | 0.036 | 6 | 0.176 | 8 |
B | 0.021 | 10 | 0.047 | 8 | 0.069 | 9 | 0.072 | 9 | 0.023 | 11 | 0.211 | 7 |
L2 | 0.026 | 6 | 0.052 | 6 | 0.062 | 11 | 0.077 | 8 | 0.024 | 10 | 0.220 | 6 |
C | 0.022 | 9 | 0.043 | 9 | 0.093 | 6 | 0.059 | 11 | 0.036 | 7 | 0.269 | 3 |
G2 | 0.054 | 2 | 0.093 | 1 | 0.226 | 2 | 0.262 | 1 | 0.038 | 3 | 0.653 | 1 |
F | 0.061 | 1 | 0.041 | 10 | 0.200 | 3 | 0.188 | 2 | 0.038 | 4 | 0.175 | 9 |
Z | 0.025 | 7 | 0.060 | 4 | 0.089 | 7 | 0.097 | 5 | 0.037 | 5 | 0.337 | 2 |
Y | 0.021 | 11 | 0.032 | 11 | 0.070 | 8 | 0.067 | 10 | 0.035 | 8 | 0.163 | 11 |
Year | Subsystem | Cities in the Pearl River-West River Economic Belt | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | L1 | W | G1 | B | L2 | C | G2 | F | Z | Y | ||
2008 | U(X) | 0.185 | 0.171 | 0.075 | 0.065 | 0.060 | 0.068 | 0.074 | 0.471 | 0.297 | 0.121 | 0.066 |
E(X) | 0.183 | 0.371 | 0.219 | 0.188 | 0.213 | 0.222 | 0.321 | 0.236 | 0.154 | 0.235 | 0.202 | |
2009 | U(X) | 0.211 | 0.194 | 0.095 | 0.079 | 0.076 | 0.087 | 0.097 | 0.481 | 0.341 | 0.145 | 0.084 |
E(X) | 0.190 | 0.288 | 0.199 | 0.169 | 0.196 | 0.210 | 0.280 | 0.309 | 0.140 | 0.227 | 0.193 | |
2010 | U(X) | 0.239 | 0.213 | 0.112 | 0.087 | 0.075 | 0.093 | 0.110 | 0.509 | 0.360 | 0.160 | 0.091 |
E(X) | 0.221 | 0.265 | 0.216 | 0.161 | 0.208 | 0.227 | 0.280 | 0.625 | 0.156 | 0.223 | 0.184 | |
2011 | U(X) | 0.264 | 0.243 | 0.137 | 0.102 | 0.093 | 0.129 | 0.114 | 0.526 | 0.402 | 0.178 | 0.103 |
E(X) | 0.268 | 0.247 | 0.173 | 0.154 | 0.181 | 0.253 | 0.234 | 0.398 | 0.160 | 0.229 | 0.173 | |
2012 | U(X) | 0.289 | 0.288 | 0.151 | 0.117 | 0.099 | 0.130 | 0.129 | 0.559 | 0.431 | 0.261 | 0.202 |
E(X) | 0.262 | 0.281 | 0.177 | 0.168 | 0.221 | 0.271 | 0.297 | 0.413 | 0.160 | 0.237 | 0.170 | |
2013 | U(X) | 0.298 | 0.280 | 0.147 | 0.116 | 0.114 | 0.136 | 0.126 | 0.569 | 0.417 | 0.195 | 0.126 |
E(X) | 0.255 | 0.262 | 0.189 | 0.171 | 0.191 | 0.252 | 0.287 | 0.409 | 0.168 | 0.218 | 0.171 | |
2014 | U(X) | 0.327 | 0.310 | 0.184 | 0.129 | 0.122 | 0.163 | 0.149 | 0.587 | 0.468 | 0.292 | 0.227 |
E(X) | 0.254 | 0.271 | 0.190 | 0.172 | 0.226 | 0.236 | 0.300 | 0.414 | 0.173 | 0.224 | 0.165 | |
2015 | U(X) | 0.327 | 0.326 | 0.180 | 0.136 | 0.132 | 0.155 | 0.150 | 0.621 | 0.474 | 0.231 | 0.143 |
E(X) | 0.269 | 0.301 | 0.206 | 0.202 | 0.223 | 0.253 | 0.290 | 0.456 | 0.177 | 0.242 | 0.170 | |
2016 | U(X) | 0.351 | 0.343 | 0.189 | 0.148 | 0.148 | 0.167 | 0.157 | 0.627 | 0.488 | 0.234 | 0.148 |
E(X) | 0.252 | 0.279 | 0.213 | 0.182 | 0.204 | 0.250 | 0.268 | 0.474 | 0.182 | 0.226 | 0.195 | |
2017 | U(X) | 0.376 | 0.385 | 0.201 | 0.162 | 0.170 | 0.178 | 0.176 | 0.651 | 0.513 | 0.239 | 0.151 |
E(X) | 0.247 | 0.288 | 0.203 | 0.170 | 0.253 | 0.254 | 0.292 | 0.520 | 0.193 | 0.223 | 0.190 | |
2018 | U(X) | 0.401 | 0.391 | 0.220 | 0.180 | 0.179 | 0.180 | 0.183 | 0.671 | 0.538 | 0.270 | 0.159 |
E(X) | 0.235 | 0.267 | 0.260 | 0.192 | 0.243 | 0.238 | 0.299 | 0.542 | 0.190 | 0.249 | 0.195 | |
2019 | U(X) | 0.433 | 0.407 | 0.234 | 0.196 | 0.197 | 0.192 | 0.204 | 0.652 | 0.545 | 0.253 | 0.174 |
E(X) | 0.249 | 0.291 | 0.215 | 0.203 | 0.230 | 0.228 | 0.322 | 0.614 | 0.196 | 0.311 | 0.196 | |
2020 | U(X) | 0.396 | 0.610 | 0.259 | 0.224 | 0.210 | 0.217 | 0.217 | 0.634 | 0.490 | 0.272 | 0.190 |
E(X) | 0.275 | 0.293 | 0.206 | 0.212 | 0.235 | 0.244 | 0.305 | 0.691 | 0.213 | 0.374 | 0.198 |
Year | N | L1 | W | G1 | B | L2 | C | G2 | F | Z | Y | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 0.429 | 0.501 | 0.357 | 0.333 | 0.336 | 0.351 | 0.393 | 0.578 | 0.463 | 0.411 | 0.340 | 0.408 |
2009 | 0.448 | 0.486 | 0.371 | 0.340 | 0.349 | 0.367 | 0.406 | 0.621 | 0.467 | 0.426 | 0.357 | 0.422 |
2010 | 0.479 | 0.487 | 0.394 | 0.344 | 0.353 | 0.381 | 0.419 | 0.751 | 0.487 | 0.434 | 0.360 | 0.444 |
2011 | 0.515 | 0.495 | 0.392 | 0.354 | 0.360 | 0.425 | 0.404 | 0.677 | 0.503 | 0.449 | 0.365 | 0.449 |
2012 | 0.525 | 0.533 | 0.404 | 0.374 | 0.385 | 0.433 | 0.443 | 0.693 | 0.513 | 0.499 | 0.431 | 0.476 |
2013 | 0.525 | 0.521 | 0.408 | 0.375 | 0.384 | 0.430 | 0.436 | 0.694 | 0.515 | 0.454 | 0.383 | 0.466 |
2014 | 0.537 | 0.538 | 0.432 | 0.386 | 0.408 | 0.443 | 0.460 | 0.702 | 0.533 | 0.506 | 0.440 | 0.489 |
2015 | 0.545 | 0.560 | 0.439 | 0.407 | 0.414 | 0.445 | 0.457 | 0.729 | 0.538 | 0.486 | 0.395 | 0.492 |
2016 | 0.545 | 0.556 | 0.448 | 0.405 | 0.417 | 0.452 | 0.453 | 0.738 | 0.546 | 0.480 | 0.412 | 0.496 |
2017 | 0.552 | 0.577 | 0.450 | 0.407 | 0.455 | 0.461 | 0.476 | 0.763 | 0.561 | 0.480 | 0.412 | 0.508 |
2018 | 0.554 | 0.568 | 0.489 | 0.431 | 0.457 | 0.455 | 0.483 | 0.777 | 0.566 | 0.509 | 0.420 | 0.519 |
2019 | 0.573 | 0.587 | 0.474 | 0.446 | 0.461 | 0.458 | 0.506 | 0.795 | 0.572 | 0.530 | 0.430 | 0.530 |
2020 | 0.574 | 0.650 | 0.481 | 0.467 | 0.471 | 0.480 | 0.507 | 0.813 | 0.568 | 0.565 | 0.440 | 0.547 |
Coupling Coordination Degree | Category | Sub-Category | Category Feature | Relative Category | Change of the Coupling Coordination Degree | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2014 | 2020 | |||||
0.8–1 | Coordination development | Advanced coordination | U | Ia | |||
E | Ib | ||||||
O | Ic | G2 | |||||
0.6–0.8 | Transformation development | Intermediate coordination | U | IIa | |||
E | IIb | G2 | L1 | ||||
O | IIc | ||||||
0.5–0.6 | Primary coordination | U | IIIa | L1 | Z | ||
E | IIIb | G | F | N, F | |||
O | IIIc | N, L1, Z | C | ||||
0.3–0.5 | Uncoordinated development | Basic misalignment | U | IVa | W, G1, B, L2, C, Z, Y | B, C | |
E | IVb | F | |||||
O | IVc | N | W, G1, L2, Y | W, G1, B, L2, Y | |||
0–0.3 | Severe misalignment | U | VIa | ||||
E | VIb | ||||||
O | VIc |
Driving Factors Category | Variable Name | Variable Symbol | Variable Explanation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | Coupling coordination degree | D | Coupling coordination degree | |
Independent variable | Internal driving factors | Social development elements | Soc | Population urbanization rate |
Economic development elements | Eco | Per capita regional GDP | ||
Industrial structure elements | Ind | Proportion of the tertiary industry in regional GDP | ||
Technological innovation elements | TInn | Per capita R&D research funds investment | ||
Ecological resource endowment elements | ERE | Per capita park green area | ||
Government driving factor | Government behavior elements | Gov | Industrial pollution abatement investment proportion of regional GDP | |
External driving factors | Elements of opening to the outside world | Open | Total export-import volume of regional GDP | |
Ecological pressure elements | EnP | Per capita industrial sulfur dioxide emissions |
Differentiation and Factor Geographic Detection Results | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impact Factors | 2008 | 2014 | 2020 | ||||||
q Value | p Value | Ranking | q Value | p Value | Ranking | q Value | p Value | Ranking | |
Soc | 0.99822 | 0 | 5 | 0.99999 | 0 | 1 | 0.99931 | 0 | 6 |
Eco | 0.99769 | 0 | 6 | 0.99995 | 0 | 3 | 0.99962 | 0 | 5 |
Ind | 0.99963 | 0 | 4 | 0.99818 | 0 | 6 | 0.99996 | 0 | 1 |
TInn | 0.99993 | 0 | 1 | 0.99995 | 0 | 3 | 0.99992 | 0 | 3 |
ERE | 0.99982 | 0 | 3 | 0.99986 | 0 | 5 | 0.99919 | 0 | 7 |
Gov | 0.99993 | 0 | 1 | 0.99753 | 0 | 7 | 0.99969 | 0 | 4 |
Open | 0.99622 | 0 | 8 | 0.99999 | 0 | 1 | 0.99996 | 0 | 1 |
EnP | 0.99733 | 0 | 7 | 0.99523 | 0 | 8 | 0.99919 | 0 | 7 |
Interaction Geographic Detection Results | |||||||||
Year | Two Factors’ Interaction | Geographic Detection Results | |||||||
2008 | Fi ∩ Fj | Weaken | Enhance, nonlinear- | ||||||
Interact result: enhance, bi- | |||||||||
2014 | Fi ∩ Fj | Weaken | Enhance, nonlinear- | ||||||
Interact result: enhance, bi- | |||||||||
2020 | Fi ∩ Fj | Weaken | Enhance, nonlinear- | ||||||
Interact result: enhance, bi- |
Year | N | L1 | W | G1 | B | L2 | C | G2 | F | Z | Y | The Economic Belt Overall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | O | U | U | U | U | U | U | E | E | U | U | O |
2009 | O | O | U | O | U | U | U | E | E | O | U | O |
2010 | O | O | U | O | U | U | U | U | E | O | O | O |
2011 | O | O | O | O | O | U | U | E | E | O | O | O |
2012 | O | O | O | O | U | U | U | E | E | O | O | O |
2013 | O | O | O | O | O | U | U | E | E | O | O | O |
2014 | O | O | O | O | U | O | U | E | E | O | O | O |
2015 | O | O | O | O | O | O | U | E | E | O | O | O |
2016 | O | O | O | O | O | O | U | E | E | O | O | O |
2017 | E | O | O | O | O | O | U | E | E | O | O | O |
2018 | E | E | O | O | O | O | U | E | E | O | O | O |
2019 | E | E | O | O | O | O | U | O | E | O | O | O |
2020 | E | E | O | O | O | O | O | O | E | U | O | O |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, X.; Liu, X. Geographical Detection Analysis and Spatiotemporal Disparity Characteristics of the Coupling Coordination Development between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment. Sustainability 2023, 15, 3931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053931
Chen X, Liu X. Geographical Detection Analysis and Spatiotemporal Disparity Characteristics of the Coupling Coordination Development between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment. Sustainability. 2023; 15(5):3931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053931
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xiangman, and Xuezhou Liu. 2023. "Geographical Detection Analysis and Spatiotemporal Disparity Characteristics of the Coupling Coordination Development between Urbanization and the Eco-Environment" Sustainability 15, no. 5: 3931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053931