The Scale of Attitudes toward the Information Technologies and Software Course: A Scale Development Study †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Review of the Literature
1.2. Purpose of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
2.2. Development of the Data Collection Tool
- Determination of the purpose of the measurement tool;
- Determination of the attitude to be measured, construction of the item pool, and item writing;
- Checking mechanics and comprehensibility;
- Seeking expert opinion and preparation of the draft form;
- Conducting the pilot study;
- Analysis of the data obtained from the pilot study (validity and reliability).
2.2.1. Determination of the Purpose of the Measurement Tool
2.2.2. Determination of the Attitude to Be Measured, Construction of the Item Pool, and Item Writing
- I think that I do not need to learn computers to succeed in classes.
- I get bored in the Information Technologies and Software classes.
- Learning to use a computer takes a lot of time.
- Solving problems encountered while using a computer does not appeal to me.
2.2.3. Checking Mechanics and Comprehensibility
2.2.4. Seeking for Expert Opinion (Content Validity) and Preparation of the Draft Form for the Pilot Study
2.2.5. Conducting the Pilot Study
2.2.6. Analysis of the Data Obtained at the End of the Pilot Study
- I.
- Item Analysis (Criterion Validity)
- II.
- Factor Analysis (Construct Validity)
- III.
- Reliability
3. Results
3.1. Item Analysis
3.2. Explanatory Factor Analysis
3.3. Reliability
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Discussion
4.2. Conclusions
5. Delimitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Item–Total Correlation | New Cronbach’s Alpha Value When the Item Is Deleted |
---|---|---|
I31 | 0.545 | 0.961 |
I32 | 0.617 | 0.960 |
I33 | 0.589 | 0.961 |
I34 | 0.632 | 0.960 |
I35 | 0.773 | 0.959 |
I36 | 0.753 | 0.959 |
I37 | 0.699 | 0.960 |
I38 | 0.741 | 0.960 |
I39 | 0.670 | 0.960 |
I40 | 0.685 | 0.960 |
I41 | 0.657 | 0.960 |
I42 | 0.696 | 0.960 |
I43 | 0.481 | 0.961 |
I44 | 0.640 | 0.960 |
I45 | 0.665 | 0.960 |
I46 | 0.768 | 0.959 |
I47 | 0.586 | 0.961 |
I48 | 0.682 | 0.960 |
I49 | 0.769 | 0.959 |
I50 | 0.752 | 0.960 |
I51 | 0.578 | 0.961 |
I52 | 0.731 | 0.960 |
I53 | 0.645 | 0.960 |
I54 | 0.604 | 0.960 |
I55 | 0.490 | 0.961 |
I56 | 0.635 | 0.960 |
I57 | 0.666 | 0.960 |
I58 | 0.495 | 0.961 |
I59 | 0.611 | 0.960 |
I60 | 0.703 | 0.960 |
I61 | 0.613 | 0.960 |
I62 | 0.566 | 0.961 |
I63 | 0.593 | 0.961 |
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Sampling Adequacy | 0.967 | |
---|---|---|
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | χ2 | 11,472.721 |
df | 528 | |
p | 0.000 |
Factor | Initial Eigenvalues | Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Variance (%) | Cumulative (%) | Total | Variance (%) | Cumulative (%) | |
1 | 15.116 | 45.805 | 45.805 | 14.666 | 44.442 | 44.442 |
2 | 1.604 | 4.860 | 50.665 | 1.143 | 3.464 | 47.905 |
3 | 1.492 | 4.520 | 55.185 | 1.007 | 3.051 | 50.956 |
4 | 1.125 | 3.410 | 58.595 | .655 | 1.985 | 52.942 |
Items | Factors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Factor | 2nd Factor | 3rd Factor | 4th Factor | |
I56 | 0.777 | |||
I57 | 0.730 | |||
I54 | 0.705 | |||
I55 | 0.675 | |||
I52 | 0.663 | |||
I53 | 0.624 | |||
I50 | 0.610 | |||
I49 | 0.593 | |||
I51 | 0.576 | |||
I58 | 0.416 | |||
I32 | 0.918 | |||
I31 | 0.910 | |||
I33 | 0.739 | |||
I37 | 0.476 | |||
I39 | 0.406 | |||
I38 | 0.405 | |||
I62 | 0.780 | |||
I63 | 0.739 | |||
I60 | 0.682 | |||
I48 | 0.679 | |||
I59 | 0.629 | |||
I47 | 0.623 | |||
I41 | 0.439 | |||
I42 | 0.605 | |||
I43 | 0.563 | |||
I44 | 0.552 | |||
I45 | 0.428 |
Factors | Variance Percent (%) | Total Variance (%) |
---|---|---|
1st Factor: Lack of Interest in the course | 44.322 | 44.322 |
2nd Factor: Lack of Willingness toward the course | 5.706 | 50.028 |
3rd Factor: Lack of Self-Confidence | 5.140 | 55.168 |
4th Factor: Lack of Technological Willingness | 4.062 | 59.231 |
Items | Rotated Factor-Loading Values | Adjusted Item Total Correlation | |
---|---|---|---|
1st Factor: Lack of Interest in the Course | |||
M56 | I think I do not need to learn computers for my success in classes. | 0.777 | 0.635 |
M57 | I do not think I need to follow the developments in information technologies. | 0.730 | 0.661 |
M54 | I think there will still be jobs that do not require computer skills in the future. | 0.705 | 0.608 |
M55 | I believe that I can improve myself without learning computers. | 0.675 | 0.493 |
M52 | I am studying for the Information Technologies and Software course just to pass the course. | 0.663 | 0.724 |
M53 | I am not interested in publications on information technologies. | 0.624 | 0.644 |
M50 | I think it is unnecessary to know the subjects of the Information Technologies and Software course other than in understanding certain basic knowledge. | 0.610 | 0.746 |
M49 | I think that what I have learned in the Information Technologies and Software course is unnecessary for me. | 0.593 | 0.763 |
M51 | I would like to choose a profession that has the least to do with information technologies. | 0.576 | 0.583 |
M58 | I do not believe that equipping the classrooms with computers increases success in the course. | 0.416 | 0.492 |
2nd Factor: Lack of Willingness toward the Course | |||
M32 | I get bored in the Information Technologies and Software classes. | 0.918 | 0.612 |
M31 | I feel restless when entering the Information Technologies and Software classes. | 0.910 | 0.541 |
M33 | I do not want to do the homework given in the Information Technologies and Software classes. | 0.739 | 0.592 |
M37 | I would be happy with a reduction in the content taught within the Information Technologies and Software course. | 0.476 | 0.676 |
M39 | I am interested in other things in the Information Technologies and Software classes. | 0.406 | 0.656 |
M38 | I do not want to go to school on the days when the Information Technologies and Software classes are taught. | 0.405 | 0.724 |
3rd Factor: Lack of Self-Confidence | |||
M62 | When others talk about computers, I feel inadequate about it. | 0.780 | 0.466 |
M63 | I hesitate to express my thoughts in the Information Technologies and Software classes. | 0.739 | 0.463 |
M60 | I think it is difficult to learn the subjects that are taught in the Information Technologies and Software course. | 0.682 | 0.701 |
M48 | I am afraid of the Information Technologies and Software course exams. | 0.679 | 0.682 |
M59 | Learning to use a computer requires a lot of time. | 0.629 | 0.608 |
M47 | I am afraid of not being able to do the activities in the Information Technologies and Software classes. | 0.623 | 0.585 |
M41 | I do not feel confident in the Information Technologies and Software classes. | 0.439 | 0.645 |
4th Factor: Lack of Technological Willingness | |||
M42 | I do not think I will ever willingly use computers in my life. | 0.605 | 0.682 |
M43 | I use computers very little in my daily life. | 0.563 | 0.474 |
M44 | Working with a computer makes me feel uneasy. | 0.552 | 0.630 |
M45 | Solving problems encountered while using a computer does not appeal to me. | 0.428 | 0.657 |
Items | Estimates of Factor Loadings | Standard Error |
---|---|---|
1st Factor | ||
M2 | 0.69 | 0.097 |
M1 | 0.69 | 0.072 |
M4 | 0.50 | 0.13 |
M3 | 0.58 | 0.11 |
M4 | 0.72 | 0.053 |
M5 | 0.72 | 0.081 |
M6 | 0.74 | 0.041 |
M7 | 0.71 | 0.028 |
M8 | 0.48 | 0.069 |
M9 | 0.64 | 0.13 |
M10 | 0.69 | 0.097 |
2nd Factor | ||
M11 | 0.84 | 0.035 |
M12 | 0.70 | 0.027 |
M13 | 0.82 | 0.053 |
M14 | 0.84 | 0.063 |
M15 | 0.55 | 0.035 |
M16 | 0.48 | 0.024 |
3rd Factor | ||
M21 | 0.71 | 0.061 |
M18 | 0.61 | 0.064 |
M19 | 0.81 | 0.052 |
M20 | 0.78 | 0.045 |
M17 | 0.65 | 0.089 |
M22 | 0.78 | 0.050 |
M23 | 0.79 | 0.063 |
4th Factor | ||
M24 | 0.67 | 0.039 |
M25 | 0.60 | 0.13 |
M26 | 0.74 | 0.047 |
M27 | 0.74 | 0.079 |
Fit Indices | Values | Fit |
---|---|---|
X2/sd | 2.61 | Perfect Fit |
RMSEA | 0.073 | Good Fit |
GFI/AGFI | 0.83/0.80 | Acceptable |
RMR/SRMR | 0.082/0.063 | Good Fit |
CFI | 0.96 | Perfect Fit |
NFI/NNFI | 0.94/0.96 | Good Fit/Perfect Fit |
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Şahin, H.; Yeşiltepe, G.M.; Ellez, A.M.; Eraslan, M.; Karataş, S.; Özçetin, S. The Scale of Attitudes toward the Information Technologies and Software Course: A Scale Development Study. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4074. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054074
Şahin H, Yeşiltepe GM, Ellez AM, Eraslan M, Karataş S, Özçetin S. The Scale of Attitudes toward the Information Technologies and Software Course: A Scale Development Study. Sustainability. 2023; 15(5):4074. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054074
Chicago/Turabian StyleŞahin, Harun, Gülden Mediha Yeşiltepe, Ahmet Murat Ellez, Meriç Eraslan, Süleyman Karataş, and Serdar Özçetin. 2023. "The Scale of Attitudes toward the Information Technologies and Software Course: A Scale Development Study" Sustainability 15, no. 5: 4074. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054074