Determinants of Household Food Security during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Data Collection
- In the last four weeks, were you worried that your household would not have enough food?
- In the last four weeks, were you or any members of your household unable to eat your preferred type of food due to lack of resources?
- In the last four weeks, did you or any members of your household eat a limited variety of foods due to lack of resources?
- In the past four weeks, have you or any members of your household had to eat certain types of food that you really didn’t want to eat (but were forced to eat) because of a lack of resources to obtain other types of food?
- In the last four weeks, have you or any members of your household had to eat smaller portions of food than necessary because of insufficient food?
- In the last four weeks, have you or other household members had to eat less food each day because not enough food was available?
- In the last four weeks, has there ever been no food of any kind to eat in your household, due to lack of resources to obtain food?
- In the last four weeks, have you or any member of your household gone to bed hungry at night, because of not enough food?
- In the last four weeks, have you or any member of your household spent whole days and nights without eating anything, because of not enough food?
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Household-Food-Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)
2.3.2. Binary-Logit-Regression Model
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Bivariate Analysis with Chi-Square Test
3.3. Multivariate Analysis Using the Binary-Logit Regression Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of Respondents
4.2. Bivariate Analysis with Chi-Square Test
4.3. Multivariate Analysis Using the Binary-Logit-Regression Model
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Province | Number of Respondents |
---|---|---|
1 | North Sumatra | 173 |
2 | Lampung | 151 |
3 | West Java | 241 |
4 | Central Java | 223 |
5 | East Java | 213 |
6 | South Kalimantan | 94 |
7 | South Sulawesi | 101 |
8 | West Nusa Tenggara | 145 |
Number | 1341 |
Var | Variable | Type of Data | Category | Coding |
---|---|---|---|---|
Y | Food Security based on the HFIAS score [30,31] | Nominal |
| 0 = Food secure 1 = Food insecure |
X1 | Gender | Nominal |
| 0 = Female 1 = Male |
X2 | Age [32] | Ordinal | Teenagers: 13–19 years old Young adults: 20–30 years old Middle-aged: 31–50 years old Older adults: 51–75 years old Elderly: 76+ years old | 0 = Teenagers: 13–19 years old 1 = Young adults: 20–30 years old 2 = Middle-aged: 31–50 years old 3 = Older adults: 51–75 years old 4 = Elderly: more than 76 years old |
X3 | Family Size [33] | Ordinal |
|
|
X4 | Education Level [34] | Ordinal |
|
|
X5 | Occupation [35] | Nominal | Government employees Service and Sales Employees Fisherman Processing and Crafting Blue-collar workers | 0 = Non-Farmers 1 = Farmers |
X6 | Household Income Per capita/Month [36] | Ordinal |
| 0 = Low Income (≤IDR 1,500,000) 1 = Medium Income (IDR 1,500,001–IDR 2,500,000) 2 = High Income (IDR 2,500,001–IDR 3,500,000) 3 = Very High Income (>IDR 3,500,000) |
X7 | Food Expenditure [37] | Ordinal |
| 0 = Low (≤60% total expenditure) 1 = High (>60% total expenditure) |
No | Socio-Economic Characteristics | Food Security (n = 657) | Food Insecurity (n = 684) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | |||
Demographic Characteristics | ||||
X1 | Gender (%): | 0.000 *** | ||
- Male | 50.9 | 49.1 | ||
- Female | 22.7 | 77.3 | ||
X2 | Age of farmers (%) | 0.000 *** | ||
13–19 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
20–30 | 13.3 | 86.7 | ||
31–50 | 39.2 | 60.8 | ||
51–75 | 69.5 | 30.5 | ||
≥76 | 81.8 | 18.2 | ||
X3 | Number of Households (%) | 0.000 *** | ||
≤4 | 55.9 | 44.1 | ||
5–6 | 33.7 | 66,3 | ||
≥7 | 9.4 | 90.6 | ||
X4 | Education Level (%) | 0.008 *** | ||
- Below Primary School | 49.5 | 50.5 | ||
- Primary School | 45.1 | 54.9 | ||
- Secondary and Tertiary School | 52.2 | 47.8 | ||
- University | 68.4 | 31.6 | ||
X5 | Occupation (%) | 0.000 *** | ||
- Agriculture | 67.6 | 32.4 | ||
- Non-Agriculture | 16.5 | 83.5 | ||
Economic Characteristics | ||||
X6 | Income (%) | 0.000 *** | ||
- low | 33.6 | 66.4 | ||
- intermediate | 61.2 | 38.8 | ||
- high | 62.3 | 37.7 | ||
- very high | 74.2 | 25.8 | ||
X7 | Food Expenditure (%) | |||
≤60% | 39.4 | 60.6 | ||
>60% | 58.5 | 41.5 |
Var | Variables | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | Gender | 22,656 | 3841 | 0.000 *** |
X2 | Age | 163,975 | 7815 | 0.000 *** |
X3 | Family Size | 69,451 | 5991 | 0.000 *** |
X4 | Education | 11,727 | 7815 | 0.008 *** |
X5 | Occupation | 320,445 | 3841 | 0.000 *** |
X6 | Income | 129,716 | 7815 | 0.000 *** |
X7 | Food Expenditure | 48,893 | 3841 | 0.000 *** |
Variable | Description | Coefficient | Std. Error | p-Value | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 15.897 | 1.008 | 0.0000 | ||
X1 | Gender | −3.360 | 0.451 | 0.0000 | 0.035 |
X2 | Age | −2.840 | 0.209 | 0.0000 | 0.058 |
X3 | Family size | 2.755 | 0.226 | 0.0000 | 15.725 |
X4 | Education | −1.648 | 0.167 | 0.0000 | 0.192 |
X5 | Occupation | −4.151 | 0.260 | 0.0000 | 0.016 |
X6 | Income | −0.651 | 0.097 | 0.0000 | 0.521 |
X7 | Food Expenditure | −2.171 | 0.205 | 0.0000 | 0.114 |
Actual | Prediction | Classification Accuracy (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Food Secure | Food Insecure | ||
Food Secure | 564 | 98 | 85.2 |
Food Insecure | 89 | 590 | 86.9 |
Total | 86.1 |
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Akbar, A.; Darma, R.; Fahmid, I.M.; Irawan, A. Determinants of Household Food Security during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054131
Akbar A, Darma R, Fahmid IM, Irawan A. Determinants of Household Food Security during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Sustainability. 2023; 15(5):4131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054131
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkbar, Akbar, Rahim Darma, Imam Mujahidin Fahmid, and Andi Irawan. 2023. "Determinants of Household Food Security during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia" Sustainability 15, no. 5: 4131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054131