The Optimization of Operational Variables of Electrochemical Water Disinfection Using Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methodology
2.1. Sample Collection and Experimental Setup
2.2. Response Surface Methodology
2.3. Electrochemical Disinfection
2.4. Microbial Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pretreatment Experiment
3.2. Optimization of Designed Parameters through RSM
3.2.1. Adequacy of Mathematical Model
3.2.2. Effect of Process Variables on the Disinfection Efficiency
3.2.3. Combined Effect of Process Variables on Disinfection Efficiency
3.2.4. Optimization
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coded Factors, x | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | |||
Variables | Units | Minimum | Mean | Maximum | Std. Dev. |
Current density (i) | mA/cm2 | 0.25 | 1.38 | 2.50 | 0.77 |
Treatment time (t) | min | 1.00 | 5.50 | 10.0 | 3.09 |
Interelectrode spacing (d) | cm | 0.50 | 1.50 | 2.50 | 0.69 |
Run | Independent Variables | Response Disinfection Efficiency (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i (mA/cm2) | t (min) | d (cm) | Experimental | Predicted | Residual | |
1 | 1.375 | 10 | 0.5 | 84.0 | 79.88 | 4.13 |
2 | 1.375 | 1 | 0.5 | 75.0 | 75.63 | −0.63 |
3 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 68.0 | 68.38 | −0.38 |
4 | 0.25 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 79.0 | 82.13 | −3.13 |
5 | 1.375 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 93.0 | 93.50 | −0.5 |
6 | 1.375 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 92.0 | 93.50 | −1.50 |
7 | 1.375 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 95.0 | 93.50 | 1.5 |
8 | 1.375 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 93.5 | 93.50 | 0.00 |
9 | 1.375 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 94.0 | 93.50 | 0.50 |
10 | 2.5 | 10 | 1.5 | 79.0 | 82.75 | −3.75 |
11 | 0.25 | 1 | 1.5 | 76.0 | 72.25 | 3.75 |
12 | 0.25 | 10 | 1.5 | 58.0 | 59.00 | −1.0 |
13 | 2.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 69.0 | 68.00 | 1 |
14 | 1.375 | 1 | 2.5 | 28.0 | 32.13 | −4.13 |
15 | 0.25 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 12.0 | 11.63 | 0.38 |
16 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 48.0 | 44.88 | 3.13 |
17 | 1.375 | 10 | 2.5 | 30.0 | 29.38 | 0.63 |
Factor | Coefficient Estimate | Standard Error | F-Ratio | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept (β0) | 93.5 | 1.60 | 90.48 | <0.0001 |
A: Current density (β1) | 4.87 | 1.27 | 14.83 | 0.0063 |
B: Treatment time (β3) | 0.38 | 1.27 | 0.088 | 0.7757 |
C: Interelectrode spacing (β2) | −23.5 | 1.27 | 344.58 | <0.0001 |
AB (β12) | 7 | 1.79 | 15.29 | 0.0058 |
AC (β13) | 11.75 | 1.79 | 43.07 | 0.0003 |
BC (β23) | −1.75 | 1.79 | 0.96 | 0.3609 |
A2 (β11) | −12.75 | 1.75 | 53.39 | 0.0002 |
B2 (β22) | −10.25 | 1.75 | 34.50 | 0.0006 |
C2 (β33) | −29 | 1.75 | 276.18 | <0.0001 |
R2 | 0.991 | -- | -- | -- |
Adjusted R2 | 0.981 | -- | -- | -- |
Current Density (mA/cm2) | Interelectrode Spacing (cm) | Treatment Time (min) | Disinfection Efficiency (%) | Desirability |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.52 | 1.13 | 6.35 | 98.08 | 0.98 |
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Ditta, A.; Tabish, A.N.; Farhat, I.; Razzaq, L.; Fouad, Y.; Miran, S.; Mujtaba, M.A.; Kalam, M.A. The Optimization of Operational Variables of Electrochemical Water Disinfection Using Response Surface Methodology. Sustainability 2023, 15, 4390. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054390
Ditta A, Tabish AN, Farhat I, Razzaq L, Fouad Y, Miran S, Mujtaba MA, Kalam MA. The Optimization of Operational Variables of Electrochemical Water Disinfection Using Response Surface Methodology. Sustainability. 2023; 15(5):4390. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054390
Chicago/Turabian StyleDitta, Allah, Asif Nadeem Tabish, Iqra Farhat, Luqman Razzaq, Yasser Fouad, Sajjad Miran, Muhammad Abbas Mujtaba, and Muhammad Abul Kalam. 2023. "The Optimization of Operational Variables of Electrochemical Water Disinfection Using Response Surface Methodology" Sustainability 15, no. 5: 4390. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054390