Novel Sustainable Masonry from Ancient Construction Techniques by Reusing Waste Modern Tiles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Technological-Constructive Systems of Tiles Masonries
- FMT (Fragmented Modern Tiles): in which the first layer is made by tile fragments placed with their raised edge towards the outside, and the second one fills the internal U-gap and is always made by tile fragments (Figure 2). This type is inspired by the previous Romanesque walls Three walls of the nominal size 1.00 × 0.39 × 0.78 m3 (Figure 2b,c) were made by this construction technique. This type of masonry requires additional skills, and it is a little bit more time-consuming than the first one.
- WMT (Whole Modern Tiles): in which the first layer is made by unbroken tiles placed with their raised edges towards the outside, and the second one fills the internal U-gap and is made by tile fragments (Figure 3). This type is inspired by the previous Roman walls. Three walls of the nominal size 0.95 × 0.35 × 0.80 m3 were made by this construction technique (Figure 3b,c).
2.2. The Mortar
2.3. The Tiles
2.4. Compression Tests on Wall Specimens
3. Results
3.1. Monotonic and Cyclic Tests
- is the total vertical load at the base of each level of the building, corresponding to the sum of the permanent and variable loads (combination coefficients are equal to 1);
- is the total area of load-bearing walls of the same floor;
- is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry;
- is the partial safety factor of the compressive strength of the masonry, equal to 4.2.
- That all the limitations about the openings of the masonry and the dimensions of seismic-resistant walls are respected;
- The lowest compressive strength (1.28 MPa = 1280 kN/m2) among all the tested specimens, obtained for WMT_3, even if this sample manifested clear problems, we considered the worst condition.
- The maximum admissible floor height (3.5 m) and an appropriate overload for wooden roof slab and wooden inter-floor slab (2.0 kN/m2) for such simple buildings.
3.2. Failure Mode
- the Poisson’s effect, when the raised edges are still intact, as represented in Figure 8c,d). This type of breaking appeared only in WMT_1 and WMT_2;
- the irregularities of the tile fragments as well as the presence of gravel in the mortar, which can cause local stress concentrations on the unbroken tile below, bringing to the V-inside out shaped cracks shown in Figure 8e,f. Even this type of crack is limited to WMT_1 and WMT_3.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constituents | Volumes | Mortar Ratio |
---|---|---|
Gravel (2 ÷12 mm) | 8 | 1/4 |
Coarse sand (0.5 ÷ 2 mm) | 6 | 1/3 |
Fine sand (0.063 ÷ 0.5 mm) | 4 | 1/2 |
Hydraulic lime | 2 | - |
Water | 4 | 1/2 |
Wall Specimen | σfc | σmax | εσmax | E | R2 | cn | cn−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MPa | MPa | - | MPa | - | - | |||
WMT_1 | 0.96 | 1.76 | 0.030 | EW−1 | 213 | 0.9933 | - | - |
WMT_2 | 0.76 | 1.92 | 0.026 | EW−2 | 125 | 0.9989 | - | - |
WMT_3 | 0.38 | 1.28 | 0.039 | EW−3.1 | 154 | 0.9670 | - | - |
EW−3.2 | 200 | 0.9871 | 0.23 | 0.23 | ||||
EW−3.3 | 252 | 0.9662 | 0.39 | 0.21 | ||||
EW−3.4 | 276 | 0.9667 | 0.44 | 0.09 | ||||
FMT_1 | 1.23 | 2.22 | 0.032 | EF−1 | 153 | 0.9944 | - | - |
FMT_2 | 1.12 | 1.89 | 0.033 | EF−2 | 98 | 0.9964 | - | - |
FMT_3 | 1.08 | 2.27 | 0.034 | EF−3.1 | 119 | 0.9970 | - | - |
EF−3.2 | 294 | 0.9982 | 0.59 | 0.59 | ||||
EF−3.3 | 268 | 0.9904 | 0.55 | −0.10 | ||||
EF−3.4 | 316 | 0.9906 | 0.62 | 0.15 |
Construction Techniques | σmax (MPa) |
---|---|
Min-Max | |
Irregular Stone masonry (pebbles, erratic and irregular stones) [32] | 1.00–2.00 |
Irregular masonry of soft stone (tuff, calcarenite) [32] | 1.40–2.20 |
Adobe earth walls [36] | 0.77–1.20 |
Cob earth wall [34], | 1.05–1.17 |
Rammed earth walls [35] | 1.69–2.35 |
Floor height | H | 3.5 | m | Concrete brick roof slab | WR,G | 1.4 | kN/m2 | |
Building length | L1 | 10.0 | m | Overload -roof slab | Qk | 2.0 | kN/m2 | |
Building width | L2 | 8.0 | m | |||||
Walls thickness | s | 0.8 | m | Wooden inter-floor slab | WIF,G | 1.6 | kN/m2 | |
Specific weight of masonry | γ | 18.0 | kN/m3 | Overload -inter-floor slab | Qk | 2.0 | kN/m2 | |
N | 4511.36 | kN | fk | 1280 | kN/m2 | |||
A | 31.36 | m2 | γM | 4.2 | - | |||
N/(0.65A) | 221.32 | kN/m2 | < | fk/γM | 304.76 | kN/m2 |
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Quagliarini, E.; Carosi, M.; Lenci, S. Novel Sustainable Masonry from Ancient Construction Techniques by Reusing Waste Modern Tiles. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065385
Quagliarini E, Carosi M, Lenci S. Novel Sustainable Masonry from Ancient Construction Techniques by Reusing Waste Modern Tiles. Sustainability. 2023; 15(6):5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065385
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuagliarini, Enrico, Marta Carosi, and Stefano Lenci. 2023. "Novel Sustainable Masonry from Ancient Construction Techniques by Reusing Waste Modern Tiles" Sustainability 15, no. 6: 5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065385