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Article

Evaluation of Dried Citrus Pulp Addition to Total Mixed Ration in Replacement to Corn on Mutton Goat Performance and Health Indices

by
Abdur Rahman
1,*,
Huma Kalsoom
1,
Sadia Khanum
1,
Muhammad Sajid
2,
Muhammad Zaman Zahid
1,
Zafar Hayat
3,
Akhtar Rasool Asif
1,
Mubarik Mahmood
1,
Irfan Ahmed
4,
Shah Nawaz
5,*,
Muhammad Yousaf
4,
Aziz ur Rehman
2,
Sayyed Aun Muhammad
6 and
Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad
7
1
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sub Campus Jhang, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
2
Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sub Campus Jhang, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
3
Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
4
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
5
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
6
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
7
Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6584; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086584
Submission received: 12 December 2022 / Revised: 14 March 2023 / Accepted: 7 April 2023 / Published: 13 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Organic Agriculture and Food Supply Chains)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Due to the human population explosion, demand for food, especially meat, has also increased. Increasing mutton production, in this scenario, is one way to mitigate this emerging issue as it nourishes a large human population. However, its production is challenging due to high feeding costs. This study was executed to develop cost-effective feed for mutton goat production by adding dried citrus pulp to the total mixed ration. Citrus pulp was used as an energy source instead of corn grain. A total of 12 bucks were divided into 4 groups, each having 3 animals. After 21 days of adaptation, bucks were assigned to experimental groups. The experimental groups were designated as A, B, C and D. They were fed TMR with 0, 10, 15 and 20% dried citrus pulp, respectively, as a replacement for corn grain for 90 days. The effect of the dried citrus pulp inclusion on the bucks’ growth performance such as feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio was evaluated on weekly basis. Hematological and biochemical parameters including total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, complete blood count and serum antioxidant (catalase) activity were also determined. Results indicated that all hematological and biochemical parameters showed non-significant differences among the control and treatment groups. Weekly weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were equal in corn based as well as in dried citrus pulp-based diet with a lower feeding cost for the latter. It is concluded that the use of dried citrus pulp up to 20% as a replacement of corn in ration of fattening bucks is economical to use without any adverse effects.

1. Introduction

Rapid urbanization and globalization have led the world to face severe food shortages, including of meat and milk, with the increase in human population. It is estimated that approximately 821 million people in the world will face hunger in the near future [1]. The livestock population of Pakistan consists of 82.5 million heads of goat, 53.4 million heads of cattle, 43.7 million heads of buffalo and 31.9 million heads of sheep. Livestock is a source of cash income for 8 million families in Pakistan as they are earning about 35% of their income from livestock and agricultural activities [2]. Despite of this huge livestock population, per capita availability of meat is less due to high cost of production [3]. Although the goat population reared for meat purposes is high enough in numbers with variety of goat breeds, its average weight gain is very poor due to less availability of balanced and adequate feed, which makes goat farming economically unviable for the producers [4,5,6]. For better productivity, the farmers have to use cereals and meals for the provision of adequate energy and protein to the animals. The inclusion of conventional types of cereals and meal sources sometimes results in a high cost of production due to various reasons including competition for available resources from grains, such as land being used for industrialization, and use of cereals for human consumption, and also restricts the ability of the farmers to operate [7] on a commercial level [8]. These conventional feed resources such as wheat, maize, barley, rice, canola, rapeseed, sunflower cakes and meals are not commonly used in goat farming, which are much more expensive, and their prices are also constantly rising [9]. Additionally, deforestation, which is also another factor in the limited provision of adequate pasture space for growing populations of livestock, has a negative effect on livestock production.
To address these challenges of increasing feed cost, there is an urgent need to explore new dimensions in animal feed such as the use of non-conventional alternate feeding resources or byproducts which may replace the use of conventional feed resources in an animal’s diet [10]. Among these non-conventional feed resources is citrus pulp that is wasted in large quantities. It is a good energy source to be used in animal rations and has significant health-promoting properties. Citrus pulp contains 7% CP, 14% CF, 21.6% NDF, 15.9% ADF, 2.5% fat, 24.4% total sugars, and 12.1% ME MJ/kg, on a dry matter basis [11]. The amount of citrus pulp waste produced in Pakistan is not well documented. About 2 million metric tons of citrus fruits are produced annually in Pakistan [12]. Almost 66% of citrus fruit is left as waste after the extraction of juice [12]. Management of citrus industry waste is difficult as waste cannot be burnt due to high moisture content [13]. Citrus waste is a potential source of environmental pollution, as it contaminates air, soil, and water, produces unpleasant odors and harbors insects [14,15]. However, it can be used in ruminant feed throughout the year after preservation by different methods without any chemical change. It has great potential to be used in animal rations as it has a nutritive value comparable to any of the conventionally used energy-rich concentrates in animal feeding [16]. Replacement of cereals with citrus pulp in goat rations up to 61% has no adverse effects on performance and may reduce the cost of production [17,18].
The current research was designed with the hypothesis that the inclusion of dried citrus pulp could replace corn grain in goat TMR without any adverse effects on growth performance parameters or on animal health with reduced or equal cost of production.

2. Materials and Methods

The present study was conducted at the Sheep and Goat Research Centre, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 12 km Chiniot road, Jhang. The trial duration was 3 months, starting from 15 October 2019 to 15 January, 2020 excluding 3 weeks of adaptation before starting the trial.

2.1. Experimental Design

Twelve teddy male animals, at the age of 7 months, with an average body weight of 22.05 ± 0.5 kg, were used in this study. They were randomly designated into 4 groups named A, B, C and D, with 3 animals in each group. Ration formulation was calculated according to NRC [19] standards using MS-Excel (MS Office 2010) sheets. Individual stall feeding of bucks was adopted. Animals were offered TMR 3 times a day for 12 weeks with ad libitum water supply. Feed ingredients were purchased from the open market. The nutrient composition of all experimental diets was analyzed by proximate analysis using the protocol described by Sullivan and Carpenter [20]. Dried citrus pulp was procured from a local large-scale pulp processing unit which used the forced hot air drying method. All four experimental diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. The treatment groups designated as A were fed rations without citrus pulp, B with 10% dried citrus pulp replacing 10% of the ground corn in the concentrated ration, C with 15% dried citrus pulp replacing 15% of the ground corn in the concentrated ration, and D with 20% dried citrus pulp replacing corn grain completely. Dietary design and composition are depicted in Table 1. The diet samples were analyzed according to the Sullivan and Carpenter methods [20], while ADF and NDF were determined according to the principles of Van Soets et al. [21].

2.2. Growth Performance Parameters

The bucks were weighed on the 1st day of the trial. The body weights of all animals were measured weekly, in the morning after fasting. The feed conversion ratio was calculated weekly. Daily, in the early morning, refusals were measured before feeding to determine feed intake. The average weekly feed intake, average weekly weight gain and average weekly feed conversion ratio were calculated at the end of the period using the formula used in [22].
Feed intake = Feed offered − Feed refusals
Average weight gain gm week = change in weight during the study period / number of weeks of the study period
FCR = Total feed consumed in kg ( DM basis ) / Total weight gain in kg

2.3. Hematological and Biochemical Parameters

Blood was collected at the end of the experiment from the jugular vein using aseptic syringes 6 h after the last feeding in vacuum tubes for whole blood (without anticoagulant)and serum (with coagulant) respectively [23]. Serum-collecting vacutainers were allowed to clot for approximately 45 min after collection and then centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 RPM. The serum was extracted and stored at −20 °C for the analysis of serum metabolites [24]. For transportation, serum was apportioned into 0.5 mL aliquots, stored and transported at –20 °C, while whole blood transportation was performed at 4–8 °C [25]. The serum was thawed to determine the total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol levels. Whole blood was used for the analysis of white blood cell count, red blood cell count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit (HCT) level, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) level, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and procalcitonin (PCT) level. Serum antioxidant (catalase) activity was also evaluated using the method described by Abed and Hadwan [26].

2.4. Feed Economics

The feed cost of all groups was estimated by calculating the per-kilogram feed cost of each group.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to show the normality of the data distribution. The nonparametric test Kruskal-Wallis K sample was used when data distribution was abnormal. For the independent variables, the Kruskal-Wallis K sample test was applied using post hoc analysis with Duncan’s multiple range test to show the mean difference between the treatments. p ≤ 0.05 was accepted as the statistically significant level. Mean values with the standard error of the mean are shown in tables. For statistical evaluation, SPSS (version 21.0) software was used.

3. Results

3.1. Growth Performance Parameters

3.1.1. Feed Intake

The present study showed a non-significant (p > 0.05) difference in weekly feed intake between all experimental groups throughout the trial period. However, numerically, feed intake was highest in group D, receiving 20% dried citrus pulp, while the lowest feed intake was observed in the control group, receiving0% dried citrus pulp and 20% ground corn grain during all weeks (Table 2).

3.1.2. Weight Gain

Weekly weight gain showed a non-significant difference (p > 0.05) between all experimental groups. However, numerically, weight gain was higher in treatment groups D and C during all weeks except the 12th week, while the control group A and treatment group B exhibited almost equal weight gain. Moreover, group D showed numerically higher weight gain, followed by treatment groups C, A and B (Table 3).

3.1.3. Feed Conversion Ratio

Comparing the results of FCR for the control and treatment groups suggested that the differences in all groups were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). Although feed intake was numerically higher in group D having 20% inclusion of dried citrus pulp in the feed, group D showed numerically lower FCR when compared to all other groups, as it has higher weight gain (Table 4).

3.2. Hematological and Biochemical Parameters

All groups displayed an approximately equal trend for total serum protein, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Thus, there was a non-significant difference (p > 0.05) in total serum protein, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in all groups (Table 5).
There was anon-significant difference (p >0.05) between the groups regarding hematological parameters (Table 6 and Table 7).
The serum catalase analysis showed a non-significant difference (p > 0.05) between the control and treatment groups (Table 8).

3.3. Feed Economics

The economics data were not analyzed statistically. However, it is necessary to compare the numerical differences in cost. Comparing the formulation cost of TMR for all groups showed that feed containing 20% dried citrus pulp (group D) had a lower formulation cost due to the lower price of dried citrus pulpat16 rupees per/kg. Meanwhile, the 3 groups given corn in their TMR formulation showed a higher formulation cost due to the price of corn (34 rupees per/kg) (Table 9).

4. Discussion

In the present study, feed intake in goats showed non-significant differences between all experimental groups with differing quantities of dried citrus pulp (DCP). These findings were compatible with those of Guzmán et al. [27], who reported no effect on the nutrient intake of steer fed with varying levels of DCP. Likewise, Taniguchi et al. [28] reported that feed intake remained constant while the duodenal flow of microbial protein was improved by feeding various levels of DCP to Holstein steer. Moreover, another study reported that the addition of carob pulp up to a level of 35% in diet has no effect on feed intake in lambs [29]. Gilaverte et al. [30] also observed no effect on feed intake when completely replacing corn grain with dried citrus pulp in the diet of sheep. Contrary to the present study, Sarker et al. [31] reported an increase in feed intake when early lactating crossbred Holstein Friesian cows were fed non-conventional feed as compared with TMR comprising maize stover and concentrate having a 50:50 proportion. Moreover, another study also revealed an increase in nutrient intake using 18% DCP in male Lacaunelambs’ rations [32]. Likewise, feed intake was higher in finishing pigs when basal diet on the basis of feed (DM) was replaced with either 15%, 22.5% or 30% dried citrus pulp (DCP) [33]. The reason for these improvements in feed intake was the specific taste and aroma of dried citrus pulp [34]. Feed intake also remained unaltered in fattening calves when 60% DCP was used to replace barley [35].
Weekly weight gain results showed non-significant differences between all experimental groups in this trial. Similarly, nonsignificant results were reported related to the effect of dried citrus pulp on weight gain in lambs [36,37]. This suggested that dried citrus can be used in a satisfactory way in animals’ feed as a replacement for corn grain upto 20% without affecting weight gain [38]. This amount of 20% inclusion of citrus waste is based on the findings of the current study and is not the absolute maximum level as demonstrated in below discussion. Current study results have demonstrated that this level was effective in replacing corn grain. Moreover, another study reported improved weight gain when citrus pulp was included in ruminants’ diets at about 46% inclusion [39]. Also, improved weight gain was found when cows were fed TMR having 21% dried citrus pulp when compared to 10% inclusion levels [40]. Moreover, Aregheore [41] also reported enhanced live weight gain in goat and sheep when up to 36.65% dried citrus pulp was used in their diet. This is due to the high digestibility of dried citrus pulp [42] with pectin having 87% ruminal digestibility [43]. However, Faiz et al. [44] reported that the use of citrus pulp as supplementation in broiler chickens’ diets decreased body weight due to the increased fiber content of citrus pulp [44] that is a favorable component for ruminants as they can digest fiber effectively that is beneficial for their rumen health [45].
This study also showed non-significant results for the feed conversion ratio (FCR). This aligns with the findings of Hentges et al. [46], who used dried citrus meal in Hereford and Aberdeen-Angus bulls in ratios up to 63.2% of the ration mixture and observed no impact on FCR. Furthermore, ref. [47] also generated results in agreement with this study when 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2% dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) pulp (DCSP) residues were used in poultry rations. Likewise, it was also shown that FCR was not affected by using 25%, 50% and 75% dried citrus pulp as are placement fordried brewers’ grains (DBG) in West African dwarf goats’ diets [48]. On the contrary, it was reported that including citrus pulp in ratios up to 10% improved the feed conversion ratio in broiler chickens [44]. In addition, Bueno et al. [39] also suggested that the inclusion of dried citrus pulp in kid diet with a replacement level of 50% positively impacts growth performance [49].
In our current study, serum biochemical parameters showed non-significant results among all groups. Gobindram et al. [50] showed similar results, reporting that dried citrus pulp did not affect total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. A similar trend in total protein levels indicates the same quantity of amino acids in the blood that manifest due to iso-nitrogenous characteristics of diet. The normal and equal values of triglycerides and cholesterol in all groups indicate normal liver function. It suggests that dried citrus pulp can be used without negatively impacting animal health. Likewise, it was also observed that 20% dried citrus pulp in dairy cows as a replacement for ground maize and dried beet pulp did not alter total serum protein and triglycerides in all groups regardless of treatment [51]. However, serum cholesterol showed a different pattern which was observed to be increased.
Moreover, Alzawqari et al. [52] also reported no effect from dried citrus pulp on blood biochemical parameters, indicating that dried citrus pulp is an excellent substitution for conventional energy sources to be included in animal rations without harming animal performance. On the other hand, it was observed that serum triglyceride levels decreased when using dried citrus pulp in the animals’ diet [47]. Similarly, dried citrus pulp in a broiler’s diet also displayed no effect on total serum protein but decreased blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels [53].
Further, hematological parameters showed similar normal values among the groups. Some studies reported elevated values, while others reported no differences [24,50]. Replacement of dried brewer’s grains in goats’ diets with dried citrus pulp at 25%, 50% and 75% increased packed cell volume, hemoglobin levels, white blood cell count, red blood cell count and total protein levels [48]. This might be due to a much higher inclusion level than current study which has only 20% inclusion.
The present study showed non-significant difference in catalase activity among all experimental groups. This is justified in that the inclusion of dried citrus pulp in goats’ diets did not affect the catalase activity of goat blood [54]. Gladine et al. [55] stated that the use of citrus waste has been reported to have beneficial health effects and a positive effect on serum antioxidant levels. It was found that supplementation with citrus waste improved antioxidant status without affecting total protein, globulin and blood urea nitrogen levels [53]. On the contrary, another study by Faiz et al. [44] reported that serum antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase increased when dried citrus pulp is included in the diet.
Use of dried citrus pulp was found to decrease feeding cost as inclusion level was increased. Previous studies reported that there would be a high price at the minimum inclusion level while a low price would be incurred at a high inclusion level [23,56]. Including dried citrus pulp in small ruminants is very economical [57]. After all, it is industrial waste, cheaper than cereals, resulting in the lowest-cost feed formulation [58]. Chis, Muste and Vidal [59] also stated that adding citrus pulp in animals’ rations lowers the cost of production.

5. Conclusions

Based on the results of our study, it is concluded that the inclusion of dried citrus pulp by replacing corn grain in a proportion of up to 20% of the total mixed ration in goat rations did not show any adverse effects on performance and health indicators. TMR with dried citrus pulp was more economical than corn grain. This provides more evidence that corn can be replaced with dried citrus pulp without affecting animal health, and is in fact an excellent alternative low-cost feeding resource for animal feeding. It also provides a solution to the burden of waste citrus pulp disposal.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.R., Z.H. and H.K.; methodology, M.S. and M.Z.Z.; software, A.R.A. and S.N.; validation, M.M., I.A. and M.Z.Z.; formal analysis, S.K., A.u.R. and S.A.M.; investigation, A.R. and H.K.; resources, A.R. and Z.H.; data curation, H.K.; writing—original draft preparation, M.Z.Z.; writing—review and editing, S.N.; visualization, H.I.A., I.A. and M.Y.; supervision, A.R.; project administration, A.R. and A.R.A.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The animal study protocol was approved by the institutional review board, ”Advanced Studies and Research Board” of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences(Protocol No. DAS/7559, 23-07-2019) and the trial involved maintaining the welfare of the animal subjects.

Data Availability Statement

It will be available as and when needed.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Table
Table 1. Ingredient and nutrient composition of diets and dried citrus pulp inclusion (%).
Table 1. Ingredient and nutrient composition of diets and dried citrus pulp inclusion (%).
IngredientGroup AGroup BGroup CGroup D
Maize grains201050
Dried citrus pulp0101520
Wheat straw14141211
Corn silage27262727
Rice tips4555
Rice polishing4666
Maize gluten10356
Soybean meal5755
Canola meal9111210
Molasses2222
DCP *1111
Wheat bran4557
Analyzed Chemical composition of experimental diets (%)
NutrientGroup AGroup BGroup CGroup D
Crude protein14.31214.38914.38414.384
ME (M.Cal/Kg)2.6882.63132.64642.6431
NDF **32.93834.57834.00334.035
Analyzed Nutrient composition of dried citrus pulp (% and Mcal/kg)
CP ***ME ****ADF £NDF £*TDN £**
10.52.9114.920.673
* DCP Dicalcium phosphate; ** NDF neutral detergent fiber, *** CP crude protein, **** ME metabolizable energy, £ ADF acid detergent fiber, £* NDF neutral detergent fiber, £** TDN Total digestible nutrients.
Table
Table 2. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on feed intake of bucks (g).
Table 2. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on feed intake of bucks (g).
Groups1st Week2nd Week3rd Week4th Week5th Week6th Week7th Week8th Week9th Week10th Week11th Week12th Week
A4635.00 ± 244.594252.33 ± 741.274729.66 ± 223.825073.66 ± 184.324800.00 ± 296.464967.00 ± 396.385215.33 ± 326.415198.33 ± 300.875199.66 ± 606.415261.33 ± 521.565171.00 ± 535.575219.00 ± 515.57
B4815.66 ± 323.453843.66 ± 301.024294.33 ± 339.644897.00 ± 506.384495.00 ± 196.404258.66 ± 39.494610.00 ± 300.965001.66 ± 467.324657.33 ± 386.234654.66 ± 403.514811.66 ± 485.674711.66 ± 465.67
C4610.33 ± 293.184136.33 ± 830.094668.00 ± 649.425335.66 ± 797.785324.33 ± 805.905281.00 ± 856.184959.33 ± 894.235182.66 ± 790.455411.00 ± 830.195382.33 ± 807.825375.33 ± 817.905254.33 ± 807.90
D5068.66 ± 149.614347.33 ± 140.864930.33 ± 92.335567.66 ± 135.415242.66 ± 121.115385.66 ± 149.995777.33 ± 290.215980.33 ± 254.696019.00 ± 285.645989.00 ± 365.386364.33 ± 329.516248.33 ± 309.51
p-value0.2760.5780.3040.3840.2490.1560.1740.2290.1490.1470.1080.112
A = Control (ground maize grains in basal diet), B = 10% dried citrus pulp in basal diet, C = 15% dried citrus pulp in basal diet, D = 20% dried citrus pulp in basal diet.
Table
Table 3. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on weekly weight gain of bucks (g).
Table 3. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on weekly weight gain of bucks (g).
Groups1st Week2nd Week3rd Week4th Week5th Week6th Week7th Week8th Week9th Week10th Week11th Week12th Week
A223.33 ± 23.33306.66 ± 62.27316.66 ± 68.87260.00 ± 51.31220.00 ± 50350.00 ± 85.041423.33 ± 140.75420.00 ± 124.23703.33 ± 279.66650.00 ± 280.41440.00 ± 143.64466.66 ± 37.56
B380.00 ± 15.27320.00 ± 85.04253.33 ± 80.06450.00 ± 218.25240.00 ± 79.37246.66 ± 58.40260.00 ± 43.58383.33 ± 164.95640.00 ± 192.95426.66 ± 175.72463.33 ± 13.33390.00± 76.37
C720.00 ± 417.89470.00 ± 161.65443.33 ± 151.69280.00 ± 92.91473.33 ± 252.60586.66 ± 43.33500.00 ± 90.73600.00 ± 103.92600.00 ± 226.05546.66 ± 333.93703.33 ± 139.20370.00± 49.32
D590.00± 370.40606.66 ± 249.95580.00 ± 195.53763.33 ± 399.59479.66 ± 109.93960.33 ± 391.21686.66 ± 286.37646.66 ± 92.071006.66 ± 32.82973.33 ± 236.94843.33 ± 261.80543.33 ± 31.79
p-value0.2710.2420.1450.1900.2690.290 0.1290.1970.2230.2040.1430.057
A = Control (ground maize grains in basal diet), B = 10% dried citrus pulp in basal diet, C = 15% dried citrus pulp in basal diet, D = 20% dried citrus pulp in basal diet
Table
Table 4. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on feed conversion ratio of bucks.
Table 4. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on feed conversion ratio of bucks.
Groups1st Week2nd Week3rd Week4th Week5th Week6th Week7th Week8th Week9th Week10th Week11th Week12th Week
A24.33 ± 2.6014.33 ± 2.3316.66 ± 3.7120.66 ± 3.3824.66 ± 6.2215.66 ± 3.3815.33 ± 4.9114.66 ± 4.4012.33 ± 6.3513.00 ± 5.6814.66 ± 4.7010.66 ± 0.66
B14.66 ± 0.3315.33 ± 5.8922.66 ± 8.8318.33 ± 8.8122.66 ± 6.6920.00 ± 6.0019.33 ± 4.8419.00 ± 4.409.33 ± 3.3023.66 ± 15.7010.66 ± 1.2013.33 ± 3.33
C13.33 ± 5.8110.00 ± 2.08114.66 ± 6.2222.33 ± 5.8922.33 ± 12.919.33 ± 1.4511.66 ± 4.669.66 ± 3.1713.00 ± 6.0021.66 ± 12.338.66 ± 1.8513.33 ± 0.88
D19.33 ± 7.319.33 ± 2.9010.33 ± 3.1711.66 ± 4.0912.00 ± 2.8811.00 ± 6.5013.00 ± 6.119.66 ± 1.206.00 ± 0.007.00 ± 2.0010.00 ± 4.0410.66 ± 0.66
p-value0.1700.3040.2040.2650.3240.1770.3510.2310.3480.3180.2590.349
A = Control (ground maize grains in basal diet), B = 10% dried citrus pulp in basal diet, C = 15% dried citrus pulp in basal diet, D = 20% dried citrus pulp in basal diet.
Table
Table 5. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on the biochemical parameters of bucks.
Table 5. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on the biochemical parameters of bucks.
GroupsTotal Protein (g/dL)Triglycerides (mg/dL)Cholesterol (mg/dL)
A5.33 ± 0.6633.66 ± 9.4953.00 ± 4.93
B6.00 ± 1.0034.66 ± 7.3538.00 ± 13.22
C5.33 ± 0.3367.33 ± 48.4541.00 ± 14.00
D6.33 ± 0.6665.33 ± 16.1640.66 ± 3.17
p-value0.3730.4170.350
A = Control (grounded maize grains in basal diet), B = 10% dried citrus pulp in basal diet, C = 15% dried citrus pulp in basal diet, D = 20% dried citrus pulp in basal diet.
Table
Table 6. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on blood cell counts of bucks.
Table 6. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on blood cell counts of bucks.
GroupsWBC * (Cells/μL)RBC ** (106 μL)Lymphocytes (Cells/μL)Monocytes (Cells/μL)
A14,166.66 ± 440.9519.50 ± 0.2910,833.33 ± 440.96350.00 ± 28.87
B13,833.33 ± 600.9219.16 ± 0.1711,166.67 ± 600.92366.67 ± 44.09
C13,500.00 ± 288.6719.50 ± 0.2911,000.00 ± 288.67316.67 ± 16.67
D14,000.00 ± 288.6719.50 ± 0.2910,833.33 ± 600.92383.33 ± 44.09
p-value0.3260.4230.6680.245
* WBC white blood cell count, ** RBC red blood cell count.
Table
Table 7. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on hematological parameters of bucks.
Table 7. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on hematological parameters of bucks.
GroupsHB * (g/dl)HCT ** (%)MCV *** (fl)MCH *# (Pg)MCHC *## (g/dl)RDW *### (%)MPV *$ (fl)PDW *! (%)PCT *+ (%)
A9.03 ± 0.0326.93 ± 0.0915.90 ± 0.126.10 ± 0.1230.13 ± 0.2019.50 ± 0.295.86 ± 0.1980.20 ± 0.150.25 ± 0.01
B8.83 ± 0.0726.90 ± 0.1516.20 ± 0.176.13 ± 0.2031.03 ± 0.2619.56 ± 0.295.90 ± 0.0679.83 ± 0.390.25 ± 0.01
C8.93 ± 0.0727.06 ± 0.0915.90 ± 0.105.73 ± 0.1230.36 ± 0.4019.53 ± 0.325.93 ± 0.1279.73 ± 0.230.24 ± 0.01
D8.93 ± 0.1226.86 ± 0.1515.93 ± 0.096.0 ± 0.1530.13 ± 0.1819.50 ± 0.295.90 ± 0.2680.10 ± 0.350.26 ± 0.02
p-value0.1280.3080.1450.1180.0650.8850.8050.3210.444
* Hemoglobin level, ** hematocrit level, *** mean corpuscular volume, *# mean corpuscular hemoglobin level, *## mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, *### red cell distribution width, *$ mean platelet volume, *! platelet distribution width (PDW) and *+ procalcitonin (PCT).
Table
Table 8. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on catalase activity of bucks.
Table 8. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on catalase activity of bucks.
GroupCatalase (μ/mL)
A0.06 ± 0.00
B0.05 ± 0.00
C0.04 ± 0.00
D0.05 ± 0.018
p-value0.191
Table
Table 9. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on perkilogram price of total mixed ration (PKR).
Table 9. Effects of dried citrus pulp inclusion on perkilogram price of total mixed ration (PKR).
Inclusion Levels of Dried Citrus Pulp in TMR (%)Price per kg of TMR
032.37
1032.03
1531.02
2029.80
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Rahman, A.; Kalsoom, H.; Khanum, S.; Sajid, M.; Zahid, M.Z.; Hayat, Z.; Asif, A.R.; Mahmood, M.; Ahmed, I.; Nawaz, S.; et al. Evaluation of Dried Citrus Pulp Addition to Total Mixed Ration in Replacement to Corn on Mutton Goat Performance and Health Indices. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6584. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086584

AMA Style

Rahman A, Kalsoom H, Khanum S, Sajid M, Zahid MZ, Hayat Z, Asif AR, Mahmood M, Ahmed I, Nawaz S, et al. Evaluation of Dried Citrus Pulp Addition to Total Mixed Ration in Replacement to Corn on Mutton Goat Performance and Health Indices. Sustainability. 2023; 15(8):6584. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086584

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rahman, Abdur, Huma Kalsoom, Sadia Khanum, Muhammad Sajid, Muhammad Zaman Zahid, Zafar Hayat, Akhtar Rasool Asif, Mubarik Mahmood, Irfan Ahmed, Shah Nawaz, and et al. 2023. "Evaluation of Dried Citrus Pulp Addition to Total Mixed Ration in Replacement to Corn on Mutton Goat Performance and Health Indices" Sustainability 15, no. 8: 6584. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086584

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