Estimating Suspended Sediment Concentration Using Remote Sensing for the Teles Pires River, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Suspended Sediment Concentration Data
2.3. Remote Sensing Data
2.4. Atmospheric Calibration
2.5. Data Processing
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparisons to Previous Research
4.2. Sustainable Agricultural Development Implications and Public Policy Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Code | Name | Date | SSC |
---|---|---|---|
17307000 | HEP Colíder Pesqueiro do Gil | 16 April 2019 | 15.40 |
17307000 | HEP Colíder Pesqueiro do Gil | 17 July 2019 | 2.40 |
17307000 | HEP Colíder Pesqueiro do Gil | 22 June 2021 | 3.30 |
17307000 | HEP Colíder Pesqueiro do Gil | 24 September 2021 | 2.00 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 5 February 2016 | 24.24 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 25 June 2016 | 12.61 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 2 September 2016 | 10.78 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 15 December 2016 | 25.64 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 15 February 2017 | 25.43 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 22 May 2017 | 10.96 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 7 August 2017 | 8.95 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 6 November 2017 | 9.95 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 31 January 2018 | 14.11 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 28 June 2018 | 12.55 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 3 September 2018 | 9.41 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 5 November 2018 | 10.35 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 20 February 2019 | 26.98 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 23 May 2019 | 11.43 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 21 August 2019 | 9.18 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 20 November 2019 | 14.56 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 4 February 2020 | 13.78 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 8 October 2020 | 11.21 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 26 November 2020 | 11.40 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 9 March 2021 | 10.11 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 23 May 2021 | 8.75 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 2 July 2021 | 9.25 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 2 December 2021 | 9.51 |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | 10 December 2021 | 10.60 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 5 March 2019 | 36.10 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 13 June 2019 | 10.66 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 4 September 2019 | 8.91 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 11 December 2019 | 42.17 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 18 March 2020 | 34.59 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 10 June 2020 | 14.42 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 9 September 2020 | 6.77 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 15 October 2021 | 2.00 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 30 June 2021 | 5.00 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 4 December 2021 | 12.00 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 2 April 2021 | 25.56 |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | 12 December 2020 | 17.36 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 3 February 2016 | 29.22 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 10 May 2016 | 16.97 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 19 July 2016 | 13.31 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 29 October 2016 | 17.55 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 25 January 2017 | 19.93 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 17 April 2017 | 13.77 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 27 July 2017 | 12.30 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 30 October 2017 | 12.01 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 24 January 2018 | 17.81 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 15 April 2018 | 12.15 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 5 July 2018 | 9.60 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 31 October 2018 | 14.31 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 18 January 2019 | 9.43 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 24 April 2019 | 4.91 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 20 July 2019 | 6.29 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 31 October 2019 | 6.52 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 17 January 2020 | 9.82 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 1 May 2020 | 6.74 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 11 July 2020 | 56.40 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 16 September 2020 | 5.64 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 30 January 2021 | 12.66 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 13 May 2021 | 9.64 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 8 September 2021 | 6.28 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 24 November 2021 | 10.96 |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | 22 October 2020 | 4.28 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 3 February 2016 | 25.13 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 13 May 2016 | 17.26 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 15 July 2016 | 12.79 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 21 October 2016 | 14.04 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 28 January 2017 | 18.49 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 15 April 2017 | 16.44 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 24 July 2017 | 10.39 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 28 October 2017 | 11.43 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 26 January 2018 | 17.08 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 16 April 2018 | 15.50 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 7 July 2018 | 10.04 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 2 November 2018 | 18.02 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 17 January 2019 | 11.43 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 23 April 2019 | 7.18 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 23 July 2019 | 5.97 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 1 November 2019 | 3.75 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 21 January 2020 | 5.87 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 29 April 2020 | 9.39 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 10 July 2020 | 5.05 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 17 September 2020 | 3.12 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 22 October 2020 | 3.48 |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | 30 January 2021 | 12.92 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 11 February 2016 | 10.35 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 26 June 2016 | 10.85 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 20 July 2016 | 11.62 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 2 November 2016 | 11.42 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 27 January 2017 | 13.50 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 18 April 2017 | 10.41 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 28 July 2017 | 8.59 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 3 November 2017 | 9.26 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 29 January 2018 | 10.02 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 17 April 2018 | 8.93 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 3 July 2018 | 11.30 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 1 November 2018 | 12.66 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 16 January 2019 | 2.63 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 22 April 2019 | 4.17 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 19 July 2019 | 11.88 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 1 November 2019 | 2.64 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 20 January 2020 | 3.27 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 28 April 2020 | 4.19 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 9 July 2020 | 5.88 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 18 September 2020 | 2.91 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 21 October 2020 | 0.45 |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | 1 February 2021 | 6.20 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 24 August 2016 | 5.80 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 30 November 2016 | 19.90 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 2 May 2017 | 8.00 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 24 July 2017 | 3.10 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 31 October 2017 | 6.10 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 20 July 2018 | 4.60 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 25 October 2018 | 9.80 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 6 May 2019 | 13.30 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 11 July 2019 | 5.10 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 30 October 2019 | 13.80 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 16 November 2021 | 26.80 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 27 April 2022 | 16.30 |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | 26 July 2022 | 8.90 |
00000001 | Section Curio | 19 August 2022 | 6.53 |
00000001 | Section Curio | 5 February 2022 | 17.42 |
00000001 | Section Curio | 24 August 2022 | 10.74 |
00000001 | Section Curio | 22 March 2022 | 24.37 |
00000001 | Section Curio | 6 May 2022 | 11.63 |
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Code | Name | Operator | Location | |
---|---|---|---|---|
South | West | |||
00000001 | Section Curio | Authors | 11°37′35″ | 55°41′23.37″ |
17277300 | HEP Sinop upstream 1 | HEP Sinop | 12°17′17″ | 55°36′03″ |
17390100 | HEP São Manuel downstream 1 | HEP São Manuel | 09°09′55″ | 57°03′39″ |
17307000 | HEP Colíder Pesqueiro do Gil | HEP Colíder | 10°58′59″ | 55°46′06″ |
17380000 | Downstream the mouth of Peixoto de Azevedo | CRRM | 09°38′26″ | 56°01′10″ |
17381100 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 2 | HEP Teles Pires | 09°38′23″ | 56°01′09″ |
17382000 | HEP Teles Pires upstream 1 | HEP Teles Pires | 09°27′11″ | 56°29′32″ |
17384200 | HEP Teles Pires downstream | HEP Teles Pires | 09°19′52″ | 56°46′41″ |
Code | Date | Function | Spectral Band B3 | Spectral Band B4 | Spectral Band B8 | NDWI | NDVI | SSC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17381100 | 29 October 2016 | Validation | 0.053753 | 0.038952 | 0.034259 | 0.250606 | −0.08914 | 17.55 |
17381100 | 29 October 2016 | Validation | 0.053747 | 0.038953 | 0.034259 | 0.250555 | −0.08915 | 17.55 |
17380000 | 11 July 2019 | Creation | 0.033997 | 0.018504 | 0.015644 | 0.37387 | −0.08958 | 5.10 |
17380000 | 11 July 2019 | Creation | 0.033996 | 0.018503 | 0.015605 | 0.374827 | −0.09063 | 5.10 |
17277300 | 4 September 2019 | Creation | 0.067924 | 0.053814 | 0.052215 | 0.130831 | −0.0152 | 8.91 |
17381100 | 17 January 2020 | Creation | 0.04712 | 0.04482 | 0.067682 | −0.17882 | 0.2029 | 9.82 |
17381100 | 17 January 2020 | Creation | 0.047095 | 0.044796 | 0.06767 | −0.17899 | 0.20307 | 9.82 |
17382000 | 29 April 2020 | Validation | 0.03022 | 0.02803 | 0.013714 | 0.382123 | −0.34932 | 9.39 |
17381100 | 1 May 2020 | Creation | 0.029089 | 0.025905 | 0.014683 | 0.327065 | −0.27623 | 6.74 |
17381100 | 1 May 2020 | Validation | 0.029093 | 0.02591 | 0,.014682 | 0.327161 | −0.27635 | 6.74 |
17277300 | 10 June 2020 | Creation | 0.051608 | 0.039467 | 0.017445 | 0.495145 | −0.38752 | 14.42 |
17382000 | 10 July 2020 | Creation | 0.033754 | 0.018002 | 0.017074 | 0.329243 | −0.02757 | 5.05 |
17277300 | 30 June 2021 | Validation | 0.050261 | 0.038579 | 0.02081 | 0.414598 | −0.29942 | 5.00 |
17381100 | 8 September 2021 | Creation | 0.027345 | 0.010911 | 0.021023 | 0.133084 | 0.329158 | 6.28 |
17381100 | 8 September 2021 | Creation | 0.027333 | 0.010893 | 0.021005 | 0.133293 | 0.329555 | 6.28 |
00000001 | 5 February 2022 | Creation | 0.055942 | 0.060056 | 0.029518 | 0.309608 | −0.34133 | 17.42 |
00000001 | 22 March 2022 | Creation | 0.05877 | 0.063464 | 0.046997 | 0.11156 | −0.14925 | 24.37 |
00000001 | 6 May 2022 | Validation | 0.048097 | 0.03775 | 0.023068 | 0.352535 | −0.24231 | 11.63 |
00000001 | 19 August 2022 | Creation | 0.037834 | 0.023956 | 0.041534 | −0.04737 | 0.269369 | 6.53 |
00000001 | 24 August 2022 | Creation | 0.036101 | 0.016822 | 0.013989 | 0.443149 | −0.09479 | 5.58 |
Element | Normality (Shapiro–Wilk) | Correlation (Rho) | Significance (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|
Suspended sediment concentration | 0.002 ** | - | - |
Spectral Band | |||
B3 | 0.105 * | 0.677 | 0.001 ** |
B4 | 0.283 ** | 0.760 | 0.001 *** |
B8 | 0.001 ** | 0.359 | 0.017 ** |
Radiometric Index | |||
Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) | 0.024 * | −0.097 | 0.683 |
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) | 0.059 * | −0.276 | 0.239 |
Spectral Band B3 | Spectral Band B4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Statistical Parameter | Linear Model | Exponential Model | Linear Model | Exponential Model |
Mean absolute error (MAE) (mg/L) | 2.825193 | 2.7046560 | 2.251899 | 1.8859822 |
Root mean squared error (RMSE) (mg/L) | 3.881253 | 4.1712430 | 2.996691 | 2.7348836 |
BIAS | −3.55 × 10−15 | 0.5354025 | −8.2462 × 10−16 | −0.3289959 |
Willmott’s concordance (d) index | 0.8011445 | 0.7504934 | 0.9041224 | 0.9139091 |
Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) index | 0.497190 | 0.4192480 | 0.7002607 | 0.7503466 |
Mean relative error (%) | 30.48 | 26.15 | 23.54 | 18.15% |
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Share and Cite
Paulista, R.S.D.; de Almeida, F.T.; de Souza, A.P.; Hoshide, A.K.; de Abreu, D.C.; da Silva Araujo, J.W.; Martim, C.C. Estimating Suspended Sediment Concentration Using Remote Sensing for the Teles Pires River, Brazil. Sustainability 2023, 15, 7049. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097049
Paulista RSD, de Almeida FT, de Souza AP, Hoshide AK, de Abreu DC, da Silva Araujo JW, Martim CC. Estimating Suspended Sediment Concentration Using Remote Sensing for the Teles Pires River, Brazil. Sustainability. 2023; 15(9):7049. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097049
Chicago/Turabian StylePaulista, Rhavel Salviano Dias, Frederico Terra de Almeida, Adilson Pacheco de Souza, Aaron Kinyu Hoshide, Daniel Carneiro de Abreu, Jaime Wendeley da Silva Araujo, and Charles Campoe Martim. 2023. "Estimating Suspended Sediment Concentration Using Remote Sensing for the Teles Pires River, Brazil" Sustainability 15, no. 9: 7049. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097049