Design and Control of Two-Stage DC-AC Solid-State Transformer for Remote Area and Microgrid Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Management of bi-directional power flow.
- Mitigate harmonics and transients.
- Good voltage-regulating capabilities.
- Facilitate direct integration of distributed renewable energy resources and distributed energy storage devices.
- Power quality control.
- A detailed performance of double-stage DC-DC and DC/three-phase AC converters is provided.
- Circuit analysis and operation of the converters, optimization of a medium-frequency transformer, passive component design, and controller modeling of converters for each stage are considered.
- Experimental setup (medium-voltage prototype) of the proposed two-stage SST was developed for testing and validation of the simulated control techniques.
- Performance under load variation, input voltage variation, and reference voltage tracking is evaluated.
- Detailed and multidimensional design of an SST considering the high-frequency transformer optimization, power converter design, and developing a controller for different SST stages.
- Comprehensive presentation of high-power and high-voltage double-stage converter with experimental results, which is not widely addressed in literature.
- Both simulation and experimental performance are provided.
2. Proposed Two-Stage DC-AC SST
2.1. Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Stage Design
2.1.1. Operation of DAB
2.1.2. Transformer Turns Ratio
2.1.3. DC Link Capacitor Design
2.1.4. Controller Design
2.2. MFT Design
2.3. Three-Phase Inverter DC-AC Stage Design
2.3.1. LC Filter Design
2.3.2. Controller Design
3. Simulation Results
- Voltage reference tracking.
- Voltage regulation under input voltage disturbances.
- Voltage regulation under load changes.
3.1. Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Stage Results
3.2. Three-Phase Inverter DC-AC Stage Results
4. Experimental Results
4.1. Converters
4.2. Load
4.3. Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Stage Results
4.4. Three-Phase Inverter DC-AC Stage Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
SST based DC-DC converter: | |
The primary inductance of the transformer | |
The secondary inductance of the transformer | |
The transformer turns ratio | |
Secondary voltage referred to primary | |
Phase shift between the primary and secondary voltage | |
DC link capacitance | |
Switching frequency of DC-DC converter | |
Ripple current | |
Ripple voltage | |
The minimum of the primary input voltage range | |
The desired secondary output voltage | |
The maximum operating phase shift | |
The maximum transferred power | |
Switching frequency of DC-DC converter | |
Three-phase DC-AC inverter: | |
Line to neutral RMS voltage | |
DC link voltage | |
Modulation index | |
The output of PI controller of current controller | |
Converter output voltage in dq frame | |
R, L | Arm reactor resistance and inductance |
Converter angular frequency | |
d-q axis voltage | |
d-q axis inductor current | |
d-q axis loads current | |
C | AC side filter capacitance |
d-q axis voltage | |
The output of PI controller of voltage controller | |
Line frequency | |
Switching frequency of three-phase inverter | |
Inductor ripple current. |
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Parameter | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Power rating | 2 kW | |
DC-DC stage (using dual active bridge topology) | ||
Input voltage (primary input side) | 200 V | |
Output voltage (secondary output side) | 400 V | |
DC-AC stage (using 3-leg converter topology) | ||
Input voltage | 400 V | |
Output line voltage | 110 V RMS |
Parameter | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Sampling time | 1 sec | |
Proportional gain | 0.306 | |
Integral gain | 90 | |
Maximum phase shift |
Parameter | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Switching frequency | 20 kHz | |
Apparent power | 2585 VA | |
Output power | 2 kW | |
Primary DC link voltage | 175–200 V | |
Secondary DC link voltage | 400 V | |
Transformer primary RMS rated current | 13.9 A | |
Transformer secondary RMS rated current | 5.64 A | |
Desired leakage inductance | 78.8 μH |
Parameter | Choice |
---|---|
Core material | Ferrite |
Material series | N87 |
Core structure | Shell-type |
Core data | EE 70/33/32 |
Core cross sectional area () | 6.83 cm2 |
Window area ( | 5.69 cm2 |
Core mean length ( | 149 mm |
Wire type | Round litz wire |
Wire designation | 3/54/38 |
Winding data | Split geometry |
Parameter | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Primary wire resistance | 0.023 Ω | |
Secondary wire resistance | 0.023 Ω | |
Leakage inductance referred to primary | 75.16 μH | |
Magnetizing inductance referred to primary | 113.3 μH |
Parameter | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Switching frequency | 10 kHz | |
Maximum output power | 2 kW | |
Input voltage | 400 V | |
Output filter inductor | 2.5 mH | |
Output filter capacitor | 8 μF | |
Output line voltage | 190 V RMS |
Parameter | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Sampling time | 20 sec | |
Voltage control loop, PI1 | ||
Proportional gain | 0.1 | |
Integral gain | 100 | |
Current control loop, PI2 | ||
Proportional gain | 30 | |
Integral gain | 200 |
Case Studies | Test Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Input Voltage | Load Resistance | Output Reference Voltage | |
Case 1: Voltage reference tracking | 200 V | 80 Ω | 350 V, 370 V, 380 V, and 400 V |
Case 2: Voltage regulation under input voltage disturbances | 150 V, 170 V, 180 V, and 200 V | 80 Ω | 400 V |
Case 3: Voltage regulation under load changes | 200 V | 100 Ω, 80 Ω, and 60 Ω | 400 V |
Case Studies | Test Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Input Voltage | Load Resistance | Output Reference Phase Voltage | |
Case 1: Voltage reference tracking | 400 V | 15 Ω | 125 V, 150 V, 125 V, and 100 V |
Case 2: Voltage regulation under input voltage disturbances | 375 V, 400 V, and 425 V | 15 Ω | 150 V |
Case 3: Voltage regulation under load changes | 400 V | 10 Ω, 5 Ω, | 150 V |
Case Studies | Test Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Input Voltage | Load Resistance | Output Reference Voltage | |
Case 1: Voltage reference tracking | 120 V | 200 Ω | 250 V, 260 V, 270 V, 280 V, 290 V, and 300V |
Case 2: Voltage regulation under input voltage disturbances | 85–125 V | 200 Ω | 300 V |
Case 3: Voltage regulation under load changes | 120 V | Gradually decrease 3000–300 Ω | 300 V |
Case Studies | Test Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
Input Voltage | Loading | Output Reference Phase Voltage | |
Case 1: Voltage reference tracking | 400 V | 50 Ω | 125 V, 150 V, 125 V, and 100 V |
Case 2: Voltage regulation under input voltage disturbances | 375 V, 400 V, and 420 V | 50 Ω | 150 V |
Case 3: Voltage regulation under load changes | 400 V | 0.75 kW, 220 V, and 60 Hz Induction motor | 150 V |
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Bineshaq, A.; Hossain, M.I.; Binqadhi, H.; Salem, A.; Abido, M.A. Design and Control of Two-Stage DC-AC Solid-State Transformer for Remote Area and Microgrid Applications. Sustainability 2023, 15, 7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097345
Bineshaq A, Hossain MI, Binqadhi H, Salem A, Abido MA. Design and Control of Two-Stage DC-AC Solid-State Transformer for Remote Area and Microgrid Applications. Sustainability. 2023; 15(9):7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097345
Chicago/Turabian StyleBineshaq, Amer, Md Ismail Hossain, Hamed Binqadhi, Aboubakr Salem, and Mohammad A. Abido. 2023. "Design and Control of Two-Stage DC-AC Solid-State Transformer for Remote Area and Microgrid Applications" Sustainability 15, no. 9: 7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097345