Tourist Nomads, Leisure Constraints, and Social Cohesion: A Study on International Students Living in Istanbul
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Model
2.2. Study Group
2.3. Data Collection Tools
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | χ2 | df | χ2/df | RMSEA | RMR | SRMR | CFI | GFI | AGFI | NFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 | 397.77 | 120 | 3.32 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.91 |
Gender | n | X̅ | ss | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leisure Constraints | Female | 231 | 50.00 | 5.54 | −0.954 | 0.340 |
Male | 353 | 50.46 | 5.83 | |||
Socio-Cultural Adaptation | Female | 231 | 71.00 | 9.94 | −1.505 | 0.133 |
Male | 353 | 72.36 | 11.14 |
University Type | n | X̅ | ss | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leisure Constraints | Foundation | 487 | 49.98 | 5.60 | −2.809 | 0.005 |
State | 97 | 51.76 | 6.09 | |||
Socio-Cultural Adaptation | Foundation | 231 | 71.34 | 10.85 | −2.439 | 0.015 |
State | 353 | 74.23 | 9.57 |
Regular Recreational Activity | n | X̅ | ss | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leisure Constraints | Yes | 101 | 49.11 | 6.68 | −1.977 | 0.050 |
No | 483 | 50.52 | 5.47 | |||
Socio-Cultural Adaptation | Yes | 231 | 77.38 | 13.25 | 5.905 | 0.000 |
No | 353 | 70.66 | 9.70 |
Community Membership | n | X̅ | ss | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leisure Constraints | Yes | 60 | 51.70 | 5.47 | 2.108 | 0.038 |
No | 524 | 50.11 | 5.73 | |||
Socio-Cultural Adaptation | Yes | 231 | 83.73 | 13.65 | 9.814 | 0.000 |
No | 353 | 70.46 | 9.40 |
Program | n | X̅ | ss | F | p | Difference LSD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leisure Constraints | Undergraduate a | 113 | 51.91 | 5.90 | 8.751 | 0.000 | a-b, c-b |
Graduate b | 354 | 49.52 | 5.16 | ||||
PhD c | 117 | 50.98 | 6.71 | ||||
Total | 584 | 50.28 | 5.72 | ||||
Socio-CulturalAdaptation | Undergraduate a | 113 | 74.60 | 9.96 | 10.833 | 0.000 | a-b, a-c, b-c |
Graduate b | 354 | 72.12 | 11.64 | ||||
PhD c | 117 | 68.24 | 6.79 | ||||
Total | 584 | 71.82 | 10.70 |
n | Correlation Between LC and SCA | Age | Duration of stay in Turkey | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leisure Constraints | 584 | 0.095 * | 0.093 * | 0.110 ** |
Socio-Cultural Adaptation | 584 | 0.069 | 0.279 ** |
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Özdemir, A.S.; Orhan, B.E.; Karaçam, A.; Malka, A.; Buhociu, D.H.; Iconomescu, T.M. Tourist Nomads, Leisure Constraints, and Social Cohesion: A Study on International Students Living in Istanbul. Sustainability 2023, 15, 7533. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097533
Özdemir AS, Orhan BE, Karaçam A, Malka A, Buhociu DH, Iconomescu TM. Tourist Nomads, Leisure Constraints, and Social Cohesion: A Study on International Students Living in Istanbul. Sustainability. 2023; 15(9):7533. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097533
Chicago/Turabian StyleÖzdemir, Ali Selman, Bekir Erhan Orhan, Aydın Karaçam, Ahmed Malka, Dragos Horia Buhociu, and Teodora Mihaela Iconomescu. 2023. "Tourist Nomads, Leisure Constraints, and Social Cohesion: A Study on International Students Living in Istanbul" Sustainability 15, no. 9: 7533. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097533